When dogs suffer from cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, surgical options like CORA-Based Leveling Osteotomy (CBLO) and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) are common. Choosing the right surgery can be confusing for pet owners. This article explains the differences between CBLO and TPLO clearly.

Both surgeries aim to stabilize the knee and reduce pain, but they use different techniques. Understanding these can help you decide the best treatment for your dog. You will learn how each surgery works, their benefits, risks, and recovery expectations.

What is CORA-Based Leveling Osteotomy (CBLO)?

CBLO is a newer surgical method designed to correct the knee joint angle by cutting and rotating the tibia bone. It uses the Center of Rotation of Angulation (CORA) to plan the correction precisely. This technique aims to restore normal joint mechanics and reduce arthritis progression.

The surgery involves measuring the tibial plateau angle and calculating the exact bone cut needed. This precision helps improve joint stability and function after surgery.

• Precise correction planning: CBLO uses detailed imaging to calculate the exact bone cut angle, improving surgical accuracy and joint alignment.
• Restores joint mechanics: By correcting the tibial angle precisely, CBLO helps the knee function more naturally, reducing abnormal stresses.
• Reduces arthritis risk: Better joint alignment may slow arthritis development compared to other techniques.
• Suitable for various dogs: CBLO can be adapted for different breeds and sizes, making it versatile for many patients.

CBLO is gaining popularity because it focuses on restoring the knee’s natural biomechanics. This can lead to better long-term outcomes for dogs with CCL injuries.

What is Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)?

TPLO is a well-established surgery that changes the slope of the tibial plateau to stabilize the knee without relying on ligament repair. It involves cutting the tibia and rotating the bone to a flatter angle. This reduces the forward thrust that causes instability in CCL injuries.

TPLO has been used for decades and is considered a gold standard for many surgeons treating CCL rupture. It is effective in restoring function and reducing pain.

• Changes tibial slope: TPLO flattens the tibial plateau angle to prevent the femur from sliding forward during movement.
• Improves joint stability: By altering bone geometry, TPLO stabilizes the knee without needing ligament reconstruction.
• Proven track record: TPLO has decades of clinical use with good success rates in many dog breeds.
• Requires specialized equipment: The surgery needs specific saws and plates designed for the procedure.

TPLO remains a trusted option for many veterinarians due to its consistent results and ability to restore mobility in affected dogs.

How do CBLO and TPLO differ in surgical technique?

Both CBLO and TPLO involve cutting and rotating the tibia, but their planning and goals differ. CBLO uses the CORA method for precise angle correction, while TPLO focuses on leveling the tibial plateau to a standard angle.

These differences affect how the bone is cut, rotated, and fixed with plates and screws during surgery.

• Planning approach: CBLO uses CORA calculations for individualized correction; TPLO uses a fixed target angle for leveling.
• Bone cut shape: CBLO often uses an angled cut based on CORA; TPLO uses a curved cut around the tibial plateau.
• Rotation amount: CBLO rotation varies by dog’s anatomy; TPLO rotation aims for a 5-degree tibial plateau slope.
• Implant fixation: Both use plates and screws, but implant design may differ based on osteotomy shape.

Understanding these technical differences helps surgeons choose the best method for each patient’s anatomy and needs.

What are the benefits of CBLO compared to TPLO?

CBLO offers several advantages due to its precise correction method. It aims to restore normal joint mechanics more closely than TPLO, which may improve long-term joint health.

These benefits can influence recovery speed, pain levels, and arthritis progression after surgery.

• Individualized correction: CBLO tailors the bone cut to each dog’s unique anatomy, potentially improving joint function.
• Potentially less arthritis: Better joint alignment may reduce abnormal wear and slow arthritis development.
• Preserves bone stock: CBLO may remove less bone compared to TPLO, preserving more natural structure.
• Improved biomechanics: Restoring the natural joint angle can lead to better limb use and comfort.

While CBLO is newer, early studies suggest it may offer improved outcomes for some dogs compared to TPLO.

What are the risks and complications of CBLO and TPLO?

Both surgeries carry risks common to orthopedic procedures, including infection, implant failure, and delayed healing. Some risks vary based on technique and patient factors.

Knowing these risks helps owners prepare and monitor their dogs after surgery.

• Infection risk: Both surgeries involve bone cuts and implants, which can become infected if not properly managed.
• Implant complications: Plates or screws may loosen or break, requiring revision surgery in some cases.
• Delayed bone healing: Healing time can vary, and some dogs may experience slower recovery.
• Postoperative pain: Both procedures cause pain that needs management with medication and care.

Choosing a skilled surgeon and following postoperative instructions reduce these risks significantly.

How do recovery and rehabilitation compare between CBLO and TPLO?

Recovery after CBLO and TPLO involves rest, controlled activity, and physical therapy. Both surgeries require careful management to ensure proper bone healing and joint function.

Rehabilitation protocols may differ slightly based on the surgery type and surgeon preference.

• Initial rest period: Both require strict rest for 6 to 8 weeks to allow bone healing without stress.
• Physical therapy: Controlled exercises help regain strength and range of motion gradually.
• Pain management: Medications and cold therapy reduce pain and swelling during recovery.
• Long-term outcome: Most dogs regain good limb function within 3 to 6 months post-surgery.

Following the veterinarian’s rehabilitation plan is crucial for a successful recovery regardless of the surgery chosen.

Which dogs are best suited for CBLO or TPLO?

Dog size, breed, age, and anatomy influence which surgery is most appropriate. Both CBLO and TPLO can treat CCL rupture effectively but may be better suited to different patients.

Veterinarians evaluate each dog’s knee anatomy and lifestyle before recommending surgery.

• Large breeds: TPLO has a long history of success in large and active breeds like Labradors and German Shepherds.
• Variable anatomy: CBLO’s precise correction suits dogs with unusual tibial angles or complex deformities.
• Older dogs: Both surgeries can be performed safely, but recovery may be slower in senior dogs.
• Activity level: Active dogs may benefit from the biomechanical advantages of CBLO or TPLO depending on anatomy.

Discussing your dog’s specific case with a veterinary surgeon helps determine the best surgical option.

Conclusion

Choosing between CORA-Based Leveling Osteotomy and TPLO depends on your dog’s anatomy, breed, and lifestyle. Both surgeries aim to stabilize the knee and reduce pain from cruciate ligament rupture.

CBLO offers precise correction tailored to the dog’s unique bone structure, potentially improving joint mechanics and reducing arthritis risk. TPLO is a proven, reliable surgery with decades of success in many breeds. Consulting your veterinarian will help you decide the best option for your dog’s health and recovery.

FAQs

What is the main difference between CBLO and TPLO?

CBLO uses precise angle correction based on the CORA method, while TPLO levels the tibial plateau to a fixed angle to stabilize the knee.

Is one surgery better for small dogs?

Both surgeries can be used in small dogs, but CBLO’s individualized correction may be more suitable for unusual bone shapes.

How long does recovery take after these surgeries?

Recovery typically takes 3 to 6 months, with strict rest and physical therapy essential for proper healing.

Are there risks of arthritis after CBLO or TPLO?

Both surgeries reduce arthritis risk by stabilizing the knee, but CBLO may better preserve joint mechanics, potentially slowing arthritis progression.

Can dogs return to normal activity after surgery?

Most dogs regain good limb function and return to normal activity levels with proper rehabilitation after either CBLO or TPLO.

TPLO failure is not a single event -- it is a spectrum of complications that can occur at different stages of recovery. Some signs are emergencies requiring same-day veterinary contact.

Others are patterns that require evaluation at the next scheduled appointment.

Understanding which signs fall into which category -- and what each sign most likely indicates -- allows owners to respond appropriately rather than either ignoring a serious complication or panicking unnecessarily.

Quick answer: Key signs of TPLO failure: persistent or worsening lameness beyond the expected trajectory; sudden acute non-weight bearing; swelling, warmth, or discharge at the plate site; clicking or popping with pain; and radiographic changes at follow-up. Call your vet the same day for sudden acute lameness, spreading infection signs, or systemic illness.

Key takeaways

• The key diagnostic principle is trajectory: normal TPLO recovery shows steady week-over-week improvement; any reversal -- worsening lameness, new swelling, returning pain -- signals a problem
• Persistent lameness beyond expected recovery is the most common sign of TPLO failure: continued limping or inability to bear weight beyond the expected level weeks after surgery is the hallmark symptom
• Sudden acute non-weight bearing after improvement is a same-day emergency call: causes include plate failure, tibial fracture, late meniscal tear, or acute infection; radiographs are required urgently
• Swelling at the plate site weeks after surgery indicates deep implant infection: this is distinct from normal post-surgical swelling and represents a late-developing implant-associated SSI
• Clicking or popping with pain or lameness indicates meniscal injury: isolated early clicking without lameness is usually benign; clicking with pain or worsening lameness indicates meniscal tear
• Radiographic confirmation is required to diagnose most causes of TPLO failure: X-rays confirm the specific mechanism and guide management

The recovery trajectory principle

The single most useful concept for identifying TPLO failure is trajectory.

Recovery from TPLO is not linear -- there are good days and less good days -- but the overall trend over weeks should be consistently improving.

Normal trajectory: each week, the dog uses the leg a little more freely, lameness is slightly less obvious, weight bearing is more consistent.

Abnormal trajectory: lameness worsens after a period of improvement; the dog is using the leg less at week 4 than at week 2; the dog that was consistently toe-touching now holds the leg entirely off the ground.

Trajectory reversal is the key signal. Single-day fluctuations can occur with activity and weather. Week-over-week regression cannot be dismissed.

Signs of TPLO failure: by type

1. Persistent or progressive lameness

What it means: the dog is limping beyond the expected level for the stage of recovery. At 4 weeks, some lameness is expected. At 8 weeks, most dogs should be consistently bearing significant weight. At 12 weeks, most are nearly normal.

Differential: implant loosening, delayed bone healing, non-union, deep infection, late meniscal tear, progressive arthritis.

When to call: if lameness has not improved for 2 or more weeks at any stage, or has worsened compared to the previous week -- contact your vet for evaluation before the next scheduled appointment.

SustainableVet.org confirms: persistent lameness is the hallmark symptom of TPLO failure; continued limping or inability to bear weight weeks after surgery may indicate failure.

2. Sudden acute non-weight bearing

What it means: the dog was bearing weight adequately and suddenly stops using the leg entirely. This is a distinct clinical event, not a gradual worsening.

Differential: acute plate failure (plate bending or screw pullout), acute tibial tuberosity fracture, acute late meniscal tear, acute hematogenous implant infection.

When to call: same-day emergency veterinary contact. Radiographs are required urgently to determine the cause.

SustainableVet.org confirms: a failed TPLO often presents as persistent pain, joint instability, swelling, or difficulty bearing weight; dogs may show progressive lameness or reluctance to move.

3. Swelling at the plate site (not the incision)

What it means: a distinct swelling appearing over the medial tibial surface at the plate location, separate from and later than the normal post-surgical incision swelling. This is a late-developing sign, often appearing weeks to months after surgery.

Differential: deep implant-associated infection (SSI-D) with abscess formation; rarely, a non-infectious reaction to the implant material.

When to call: same-day if accompanied by warmth, redness, or discharge. Within 24 hours if soft and non-painful but new and increasing.

4. Wound discharge or draining tract

What it means: a draining tract opening near (but not necessarily at) the original incision, often appearing weeks or months after surgery in a wound that appeared fully healed. This is a classic sign of deep implant-associated infection with sinus tract formation.

When to call: same-day. Do not wait.

5. Clicking or popping with pain or lameness

What it means: a meniscal click -- the torn meniscal flap being displaced by the femoral condyle during movement. Distinguished from benign joint adjustment clicking by the presence of pain on stifle manipulation and lameness.

Differential: late meniscal tear (2 to 22% incidence after TPLO).

When to call: same-day if acute lameness accompanies the click. Within 24 to 48 hours for new clicking with mild lameness.

See the dedicated meniscal tear article for full detail on diagnosis and treatment.

6. Radiographic findings at follow-up imaging

What it means: the 6-week and 12-week radiographs may show: peri-implant radiolucent halos (implant loosening or infection), widened osteotomy gap without callus formation (delayed union or non-union), plate migration from original position, screw in joint space, or cortical erosion (osteomyelitis).

When to call: your vet interprets these radiographs and will advise on urgency. Do not wait for the next scheduled appointment if the vet identifies a significant radiographic abnormality.

7. Systemic signs of infection

What it means: fever (rectal temperature above 39.5 C / 103.1 F), lethargy, reduced appetite, or behavioral changes. These indicate the infection has systemic involvement.

When to call: same-day emergency contact. Systemic infection from an implant site is a serious condition.

What is not TPLO failure

Not every deviation from ideal recovery represents failure.

Normal: gradual lameness that is slowly improving week over week.

Normal: mild swelling at the incision that peaks at days 2 to 5 and resolves.

Normal: mild stiffness in the morning that improves with movement.

Normal: intermittent toe-touching or three-legged walking during high-activity periods in the first 4 weeks.

Normal: a dog that is more lame on a day after increased activity compared to a day of rest.

The distinguishing feature is trajectory and pattern. Gradual improvement with day-to-day variation is normal. Reversal of the improvement trend is not.

Revision TPLO: when failure requires re-operation

SustainableVet.org confirms: revision TPLO may involve removing or replacing implants, repositioning the tibial cut, or addressing infections; revision surgery is more complex and requires strict post-op care.

The specific revision approach depends on the cause:

• Implant failure without infection: plate replacement or addition of a fixation device
• Non-union: bone grafting, implant revision, and extended restriction
• Deep infection with healed osteotomy: plate removal, surgical debridement, prolonged antibiotics
• Osteomyelitis: plate removal, debridement, 4 to 6 months of culture-directed antibiotics

For the complication list, see 15 common complications after TPLO surgery. For the implant failure guide, see TPLO implant failure signs and causes.

For the infection guide, see TPLO plate infection signs and treatment. For the meniscal tear guide, see dog meniscus tear after TPLO surgery.

Frequently asked questions

My dog is limping at week 6 but the 6-week radiograph was normal. Is this TPLO failure?

Not necessarily.

Normal radiographs at 6 weeks with persistent lameness suggests the issue is soft-tissue rather than bone or implant related -- meniscal injury, muscle atrophy, scar tissue, or rehabilitation lagging behind bone healing.

Discuss with your vet: physiotherapy and pain management are typically the next step for this presentation.

What happens if TPLO failure is not recognized early?

Delayed recognition of implant infection leads to establishment of deeper infection and biofilm, requiring more complex treatment. Delayed recognition of non-union leads to fibrous union or permanent instability.

Delayed recognition of meniscal tear allows progressive joint damage. Early action is consistently associated with better outcomes across all causes of TPLO failure.

Is TPLO failure common?

Overall TPLO complication rates are 10 to 34%, but most complications are minor (superficial infection, seroma). Serious failure requiring revision surgery is uncommon.

The 2013 study confirmed 93% limb function restoration at 1 year -- meaning the vast majority of TPLO dogs recover successfully.

Can TPLO failure happen years after surgery?

Yes. Late implant-associated infection (hematogenous seeding from dental disease, UTI, or skin infection) can occur years after surgery. The hallmark is sudden lameness regression in a dog with previously normal function.

Any unexplained lameness in a TPLO dog warrants radiographic assessment.

Should I ask for radiographs at every sign of lameness?

Not necessarily for every minor fluctuation.

Radiographs are indicated for: sudden acute lameness, lameness that has not improved for 2 or more weeks, new swelling at the plate site, a draining tract, or any systemic sign of infection.

Your vet will advise on imaging timing based on clinical presentation.

Resources

• SustainableVet. TPLO Failure Symptoms. sustainablevet.org
• Clinician's Brief. Common Tibial Plateau-Leveling Osteotomy Complications. cliniciansbrief.com
• SustainableVet. TPLO Failure Rate in Dogs. sustainablevet.org
• ACVS. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease. acvs.org

The better prepared you are before your dog's TPLO surgery, the smoother the procedure and the early recovery will be.

Preparation covers two distinct areas: medical preparation managed with your vet in the days and weeks before surgery, and home preparation completed before your dog comes home.

Both matter and both require specific actions.

Quick answer: Key TPLO surgery preparation steps: complete pre-surgical bloodwork; adjust or discontinue medications as directed; fast the dog 8 to 12 hours before surgery; set up the crate, non-slip mats, and e-collar before surgery day; fill prescriptions in advance; brief all household members.

Key takeaways

• Pre-surgical bloodwork is standard: a CBC and blood chemistry panel confirm the dog can safely handle anesthesia; senior dogs or those with health conditions may need additional testing
• Fasting is non-negotiable: dogs are fasted the night before surgery to prevent anesthetic complications; typically 8 to 12 hours; follow your vet's specific instructions
• Some medications must be stopped before surgery: NSAIDs, certain supplements, and other drugs can increase bleeding or interfere with anesthesia; discuss all medications with your vet at least 1 week before
• The recovery space must be ready before the dog comes home: have the crate, non-slip mats, and supplies in place before surgery day
• Post-surgical medications must be filled before surgery day: NSAID prescriptions and gabapentin should be ready when the dog arrives home
• Household members including children need briefing: educate children about activity restrictions before surgery so they do not inadvertently excite or disturb the recovering dog

Medical preparation: weeks before surgery

Pre-surgical health assessment

Your vet or the surgical team will schedule a pre-surgical examination. This typically includes:

Physical examination: auscultation (heart and lungs), body weight assessment (obesity increases anesthetic and surgical risk), orthopedic examination of the affected limb, and general health screening.

Pre-surgical bloodwork: SustainableVet.org confirms that pre-surgery blood tests usually include a complete blood count and blood chemistry panel to check for anemia, kidney or liver problems, and signs of infection; these tests confirm organs can safely handle anesthesia and healing.

Additional testing for senior or compromised dogs: dogs over 7 to 8 years, those with known health conditions, or those with abnormal screening results may need urinalysis, chest radiographs (to assess cardiac and pulmonary health), or electrocardiography. Cainhoy Vet confirms: for senior pets or those with underlying conditions, additional diagnostics such as X-rays or ECGs may be recommended.

Weight management before surgery

If your dog is overweight, weight reduction before TPLO reduces surgical and anesthetic risk. Midvalley Animal Clinic confirms: increased weight exerts more stress on implants and is an additional hurdle to recovery.

If your vet identifies obesity as a concern, follow their dietary guidance in the weeks leading up to surgery.

Medication review and adjustment

At the pre-surgical consultation, provide a complete list of all medications, supplements, and herbal products the dog is currently taking.

SustainableVet.org confirms: some medications, such as NSAIDs or steroids, may need to be paused before the procedure.

Typical medication guidance:

• NSAIDs (carprofen, meloxicam, aspirin, ibuprofen): typically stopped 5 to 7 days before surgery to reduce bleeding risk
• Steroids (prednisone, prednisolone): typically stopped 5 to 14 days before surgery
• Fish oil and some supplements: may be stopped 1 week before surgery
• Gabapentin and opioids: usually continued as directed

Never stop a prescribed medication without explicit vet instruction.

Pre-surgical bathing

Virginia Vet Centers confirms: your vet may recommend bathing before surgery if you wish, since post-surgical wound care restricts bathing for 10 to 14 days.

Give a bath 1 to 2 days before surgery -- close enough to reduce skin bacteria counts while allowing full drying.

Fasting instructions: the night before surgery

Fasting prevents regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents under anesthesia -- a potentially fatal complication.

Highlands Vet Hospital confirms: most dogs should stop eating 8 to 12 hours before surgery; always follow your vet's specific instructions.

Standard guidance:

• No food from approximately 10 PM the night before a morning surgery
• Water: rules vary by facility; many allow water until midnight or 6 hours before surgery; follow your vet's specific instructions
• Medications on the morning of surgery: ask your vet specifically which medications (if any) can be given with a very small amount of food or water on the surgery morning

Home preparation: before surgery day

Setting up the recovery space

SustainableVet.org confirms: before your dog comes home, prepare a safe, quiet recovery space with a crate or small room, soft bedding, good airflow, and away from stairs or slippery floors.

Recovery space checklist:

• Crate (sized correctly: stand, turn, lie; not pace) or X-pen in place
• Non-slip mats or yoga mats covering all hard flooring in the recovery area
• Soft, washable bedding inside the crate
• Water bowl accessible at ground level
• Food bowl accessible at ground level
• Baby gates blocking stairs, kitchen, and any rooms the dog should not access
• Furniture blocked or inaccessible to prevent jumping

TPLO Info confirms: you can invest in a gate or large crate to limit movement; educate children in the household as much as possible about the pet's surgery ahead of time.

Supplies to have ready before surgery

Essential:

• E-collar (typically provided by the surgical facility, but confirm in advance)
• Ice pack or bag of frozen peas (cold therapy for the first 3 to 5 days)
• Sling or towel harness for helping the dog rise and walk (for large dogs)
• Leash (4 to 6 foot, not retractable) for all outdoor trips

Nice to have:

• Food puzzle or lick mat (for mental stimulation during confinement)
• Frozen Kong treats prepared and in freezer
• Dog ramp or steps for the car (to load and unload without jumping)

Maplewood Vet confirms: having the right supplies ready before surgery day can help reduce stress and ensure your pet's transition home is as comfortable as possible.

Medication pickup

Prescriptions for post-surgical pain management (NSAIDs, gabapentin) are typically sent to a pharmacy before surgery or dispensed at discharge.

Confirm with your surgical team whether prescriptions need to be filled before surgery day -- this prevents a scramble on discharge day when the dog is in pain and waiting.

Surgery day: what to bring and expect

What to bring:

• Your dog (fasted, no food since the designated cutoff)
• Prior medical records if visiting a new facility (vaccination records, prior bloodwork, medication list)
• The e-collar if provided in advance
• Your contact phone number -- the team will call you during and after surgery

What to expect:

• Drop-off: typically early morning; the dog is admitted, weighed, examined, and IV catheter placed
• Surgery duration: typically 1.5 to 2 hours for TPLO
• Post-surgical hospitalization: most dogs stay overnight; some facilities discharge same day
• Discharge call: your vet will call to update you on how surgery went before discharge

Virginia Vet Centers confirms: most dogs stay at the hospital overnight after TPLO surgery; the veterinary team will provide detailed discharge instructions explaining medications, activity restrictions, wound care, and rehabilitation.

Discharge: what to review before leaving the hospital

At discharge, review:

1. Medication schedule (when, how, with or without food)
2. Wound care instructions (what to look for, how to manage)
3. Activity restrictions (what is and is not allowed)
4. Signs that require a call to the vet
5. Schedule of follow-up appointments (2-week recheck, 6-week radiograph)

For the full recovery guide, see what to expect after TPLO surgery in dogs. For confinement setup, see how to confine your dog after TPLO surgery.

For keeping your dog calm, see how to keep a dog calm after TPLO surgery. For infection prevention, see how can TPLO infections be prevented post-operatively?.

Frequently asked questions

What happens if my dog ate something before surgery?

Call your surgical team immediately. Even a small amount of food can increase anesthetic risk. In most cases the surgery will be rescheduled. Do not wait until surgery day to inform them.

Can I give my dog medications the morning of surgery?

Ask your vet specifically about each medication. Some (like thyroid medications) should be given; others (like NSAIDs) should not. Never assume -- confirm before surgery day.

How do I transport my dog home from surgery?

Line the car with clean towels or a mat. Bring a helper if possible -- one person drives, one sits with the dog.

For large dogs, use a sling or lifting harness to assist getting in and out of the car. Do not let the dog jump in or out of the vehicle.

How long after surgery before I can leave my dog alone?

The first 24 to 48 hours are the highest-risk period. If possible, arrange for someone to be with the dog for the first day and night at home.

After 48 hours, crated dogs can be left alone for reasonable durations (up to 4 to 6 hours). Never leave the dog unsupervised without confinement.

Do I need to prepare other pets in the household?

Keep other pets separated from the recovering dog for at least the first 2 weeks. Excited greetings from other dogs can cause the TPLO dog to jump or spin.

Have a plan for where other pets will be confined when the recovering dog is out of the crate.

Resources

• SustainableVet. Preparing for Your Dog's TPLO Surgery. sustainablevet.org
• TPLO Info. Preparing for Your Dog's TPLO Surgery. tploinfo.com
• Virginia Veterinary Centers. What Dog Owners Should Know About TPLO Surgery. virginiaveterinarycenters.com
• Maplewood Vet. What to Buy Before TPLO Surgery for Your Dog. maplewood.vet

TPLO recovery is a structured, staged process. The surgery corrects the mechanical cause of CCL instability, but the bone, soft tissue, and muscle need weeks to months to rebuild around that correction.

Understanding what is required at each stage -- and what signs require prompt veterinary contact -- is as important as the surgery itself.

Quick answer: Post-TPLO recovery requires 8 to 12 weeks of structured activity restriction for bone healing, followed by progressive rehabilitation. Key milestones: 2-week incision recheck; 6-week radiographic assessment; 12-week final radiograph and activity clearance. Warning signs requiring same-day contact: sudden non-weight bearing, spreading redness or discharge, fever, or worsening lameness.

Key takeaways

• The first 2 weeks are the most critical: the osteotomy has no mechanical strength; jumping, running, or slipping can displace the plate; crate rest with bathroom leash walks only is non-negotiable
• Most dogs begin toe-touching within 24 to 48 hours of surgery: early weight bearing maintains muscle mass and stimulates bone healing; it does not indicate readiness for more activity
• Cold therapy for the first 3 to 5 days significantly reduces swelling and pain: 10 to 15 minutes of wrapped ice pack applied 3 to 4 times daily is the most effective owner-administered early intervention
• The 6-week radiograph is the gate for activity increase: bone healing cannot be confirmed clinically; radiographic assessment is the only reliable confirmation of osteotomy progression
• Full muscle recovery takes 4 to 6 months: bone healing at 12 weeks and full functional recovery are different endpoints
• Reducing food intake by approximately 30% during recovery prevents weight gain that stresses the healing osteotomy; activity restriction rapidly leads to weight gain without dietary adjustment

Immediate post-operative period: the first 24 to 48 hours

Coming home

Most dogs are discharged 24 to 48 hours after TPLO, though same-day discharge protocols exist at some facilities.

The dog will be sedated, disoriented from anesthesia, and may have bandaging on the surgical leg. Expect:

• Grogginess and disorientation for 12 to 24 hours from anesthesia
• Some whining or restlessness (often anesthesia effect, not pain)
• Refusal to bear weight or toe-touching only
• Mild to moderate swelling around the incision, peaking at days 2 to 5

Setting up the recovery space

Before the dog arrives home, have in place:

• A correctly sized crate in the main living area
• Non-slip mats or yoga mats over all hard flooring
• Soft, washable bedding in the crate
• Water and food at floor level
• Baby gates blocking stairs
• Medications filled and ready

Medications: first day priorities

Give prescribed medications on the schedule provided at discharge. NSAIDs (meloxicam, carprofen) require food. Gabapentin causes sedation -- this is expected and helps with pain and anxiety in the first days.

Never skip doses or give extra without veterinary guidance.

Week-by-week recovery overview

Weeks 1 to 2: incision healing phase

Activity: crate rest except for bathroom leash walks. Maximum 5-minute walks, 3 to 5 times daily. No stairs, no furniture, no running, no off-leash time.

E-collar: must be worn at all times except supervised eating. One licking episode can introduce S. pseudintermedius from the oral cavity directly into the incision.

Cold therapy: wrap an ice pack in a thin cloth; apply to the incision for 10 to 15 minutes; 3 to 4 times daily; begin day 1 and continue through days 3 to 5.

Incision inspection: check the incision daily at a consistent time. Normal healing: redness fading from day 5, no discharge after day 3, clean approximated wound edges. Concerning: spreading redness, cloudy or malodorous discharge, wound dehiscence.

Weight management: Medcovet recommends reducing food intake by approximately 30% during the restriction period to prevent weight gain from inactivity.

2-week recheck: incision assessment, suture or staple removal if healing is confirmed, pain management review, early mobility assessment.

Weeks 3 to 6: progressive walking phase

Activity: leash walk duration increases -- by up to 5 minutes per week from the week 2 baseline. No off-leash, no running, no stairs without guidance.

Passive range-of-motion exercises: if the vet has approved, begin gentle flexion and extension of the stifle. 5 to 10 repetitions, 2 to 3 times daily. Prevents stiffness during the bone healing period.

Weight bearing: most dogs should be consistently bearing weight on the operated leg by weeks 3 to 4. Three-legged walking during activity is still common but should be decreasing.

Diet: maintain the reduced caloric intake until the vet clears increased activity.

Weeks 6 to 8: radiographic checkpoint

6-week radiograph: the single most important post-operative checkpoint. Images confirm whether the osteotomy is healing as expected. If healing is progressing, activity is increased. If healing is delayed, restrictions continue and the underlying cause is investigated.

After radiographic confirmation:

• Leash walks increase to 15 to 20 minutes
• Physiotherapy begins
• Controlled hill walking and balance work may begin

SustainableVet.org confirms: after the initial weeks of rest, swelling should decrease; gradual increase in leash walking should follow; physical therapy options include hydrotherapy, balance training, laser therapy, and massage.

Weeks 8 to 12: consolidation

10 to 12 week radiograph: confirms bone union. After radiographic confirmation of healing, activity restrictions are progressively lifted.

Return to activity: activity is reintroduced progressively over the following 4 to 6 weeks. No sudden full return to prior activity level.

Managing common post-operative issues

Swelling

Expected: peaks at days 2 to 5, resolves by 2 weeks. Ankle swelling from gravity-dependent fluid migration is normal at days 3 to 5.

Concerning: swelling that is not reducing after day 5, or that reappears after initial resolution.

Management: cold therapy in the first 3 to 5 days; elevation where possible; contact vet if swelling is not following the expected trajectory.

Pain and restlessness

Normal pain is controlled by the prescribed medication regimen and should consistently decrease over the first 2 weeks.

Uncontrolled pain (unable to settle, continuous crying, refusing all weight bearing beyond day 3) requires a vet call -- medication adjustment or a complication evaluation is needed.

Incision care

Do not clean the incision daily unless specifically instructed by your vet. Daily inspection is required; daily cleaning is not. If cleaning is needed, use only the vet-approved solution.

Constipation

Opioid pain medications commonly cause constipation in the first days. Discuss this with your vet at discharge -- they may recommend a stool softener if constipation becomes a concern.

Warning signs that require same-day veterinary contact

• Sudden complete non-weight bearing after a period of partial bearing
• Spreading redness beyond the incision margins
• Cloudy, yellow, green, or malodorous discharge from the incision
• Wound edges separating
• Fever (rectal temperature above 39.5 C / 103.1 F)
• Lameness worsening after a period of improvement (trajectory reversal)
• New swelling at the plate site (not the incision) after the second week
• Any systemic sign (lethargy, inappetence, fever) accompanying local wound changes

For the full recovery timeline overview, see what to expect after TPLO surgery in dogs. For confinement setup, see how to confine your dog after TPLO surgery.

For infection prevention, see TPLO incision infection: symptoms and prevention. For physical therapy timing, see when to start physical therapy after TPLO surgery.

Frequently asked questions

My dog is not using the leg at all 5 days after surgery. Is this normal?

Some dogs refuse to bear weight for the full first 2 weeks -- this is within the normal range.

If the dog was bearing some weight at days 2 to 3 and has now stopped completely, or shows signs of severe pain, contact your vet to rule out a complication.

Persistent non-weight bearing beyond 2 weeks warrants assessment.

When can my dog go back to sleeping in our bed?

Not during the restriction period. Jumping off the bed -- even once -- generates the same plate-failure risk as running.

The dog must sleep in the crate or on a floor-level dog bed for the full restriction period.

My dog is constantly trying to lick the incision. What can I do?

Ensure the e-collar is the correct size -- most dogs can reach their hind legs with a collar that is too small.

Try a longer cone or a recovery suit (medical pet shirt) as a supplement. Ask your vet about trazodone or gabapentin for anxiety driving the licking behavior.

Do not remove the e-collar to give the dog a break unless you are directly supervising and can prevent licking.

Can I give my dog human joint supplements during recovery?

Some human supplements (fish oil at appropriate doses) are safe. Others contain xylitol or other ingredients toxic to dogs. Never give a human supplement without explicit vet approval.

Veterinary-formulated joint supplements are the safer choice.

How do I know when recovery is complete?

Recovery is complete when: (a) the 12-week radiograph confirms bone union, (b) the vet clears full activity, and (c) the operated leg has regained near-symmetrical muscle mass (4 to 6 months).

Bone healing at 12 weeks is the legal clearance; full muscle recovery is the functional completion of recovery.

Resources

• SustainableVet. Post-Surgery Recovery After TPLO in Dogs. sustainablevet.org
• Medcovet. Essential Guide to Dog Recovery TPLO Surgery. medcovet.com
• TPLO Info. What to Expect After Your Dog's TPLO Surgery. tploinfo.com
• VCA Animal Hospitals. TPLO. vcahospitals.com

Confinement after TPLO surgery is not optional. It is the primary structural safeguard preventing the plate from failing before the osteotomy heals.

A dog that is allowed to run, jump, or spin in the first 8 weeks risks plate displacement -- a complication that requires revision surgery and extends recovery significantly.

Effective confinement is a practical skill that owners can prepare for before surgery.

Quick answer: Confine in a crate large enough to stand, turn, and lie but not to pace. An exercise pen works for crate-resistant dogs. A baby-gated small room is a third option. Non-slip flooring is essential. Outdoor access requires a leash. Strict confinement continues for 6 to 8 weeks.

Key takeaways

• The crate is the gold standard confinement tool: limits jumping, spinning, and running that risk plate displacement; large enough to stand and turn but not to pace
• Non-slip flooring is required in all confinement spaces: slipping generates uncontrolled leg movements that stress the plate
• Leash on the dog at all times outside the crate: every unsupervised second without a leash risks slipping or running; a house leash gives immediate control
• Exercise pens (X-pens) are a practical alternative for crate-resistant dogs: more space than a crate while still preventing free access to the rest of the house
• The confinement protocol changes weekly: strict crate-only in weeks 1 to 2, then gradual expansion as bone healing is confirmed on radiographs
• Clean bedding weekly: dirty bedding harbors S. pseudintermedius; the incision is in close contact with bedding throughout recovery

Why confinement matters

The TPLO plate holds the rotated tibial plateau in position while new bone grows across the osteotomy. The plate is strong but not indestructible.

Bone is not fully consolidated across the osteotomy for 8 to 12 weeks.

During this healing period, a dog that runs, jumps onto a sofa, slips on hardwood flooring, or spins to chase another pet can apply forces to the plate that exceed its tolerance.

Plate bending, screw loosening, or osteotomy displacement are the results. Each requires revision surgery.

SustainableVet.org confirms: dogs typically need 6 to 8 weeks of restricted activity before returning to light exercise; strict confinement ensures the bone plate stabilizes and heals properly.

Option 1: the crate

Why crates work best

A crate completely controls the dog's environment. The dog cannot run to the door, jump on the sofa, or spin in excitement. Every movement is small, controlled, and low-impact.

SustainableVet.org confirms: a crate is one of the safest ways to confine a dog after TPLO surgery; crates help prevent jumping, running, or sudden twisting that can damage the healing leg.

Crate selection

Size: the crate must be large enough for the dog to stand fully, turn around, and lie in any direction comfortably. It should NOT be large enough for the dog to trot or run inside it -- an oversized crate allows the dog to generate enough speed within the crate to create impact when stopping.

Flooring: avoid wire-bottomed crates. The dog's leg can slip through wire flooring. Use solid-floored crates or add a mat over wire flooring.

Bedding: comfortable, non-slip bedding. Memory foam dog mats are excellent for TPLO dogs -- they cushion pressure points during long rest periods.

Location: place the crate in the main family living area, not in an isolated room. Isolation increases separation anxiety and whining. A dog that can see and hear the family is calmer and more able to rest.

TPLO Info confirms: dogs do not like dirty bedding, so wash crate items at least once a week.

Transitioning a crate-naive dog

If the dog has never been crated, introduce the crate before surgery:

• Place meals in the crate with the door open for several days before surgery
• Gradually extend time inside with the door closed, building from 10 minutes to 1 hour
• Never force the dog in or use the crate for punishment

A dog that enters the crate willingly before surgery recovers with significantly less confinement-related distress.

Option 2: the exercise pen (X-pen)

An X-pen is a freestanding modular fence creating a confined area larger than a crate. It can be configured in different shapes and sizes.

TPLO Info confirms: X-pens give enough room to move while keeping the dog in one place. Larger dogs may attempt to jump over the fence and require monitoring.

Advantages: more space than a crate, reducing frustration in dogs that do not tolerate crates; can be set up in any room.

Disadvantages: requires monitoring for jumping attempts; the dog can build more momentum in a larger space; not suitable for very large or athletic dogs who can clear the fence.

Height: use a 48-inch or taller X-pen for medium and large dogs; even a non-athletic dog may clear a 36-inch pen if motivated.

Flooring inside the X-pen: place yoga mats or a rubber-backed rug inside to cover hard flooring.

When to use an X-pen: recommended after the initial 2 weeks of strictest confinement, when the dog has established initial healing and the wound is closed. Not ideal for weeks 1 to 2.

Option 3: a baby-gated small room

A bathroom, laundry room, or small bedroom can serve as a recovery room when gated with a baby gate.

Dog Knee Injury confirms: prepare your home for post-surgery by setting up a recovery space with a comfortable dog bed, non-slip flooring, and a baby gate to create a barrier.

Requirements:

• Non-slip flooring throughout (add yoga mats or rugs)
• No furniture the dog can jump onto or off
• Accessible water and food bowls at floor level
• The gate must prevent the dog exiting unsupervised

Advantages: familiar environment, easy human access, more comfortable than a crate for larger dogs.

Disadvantages: more space means more opportunity for movement; the dog can circle and pace in a room, which a crate prevents; requires strict monitoring.

Outdoor access: leash only, no exceptions

Every outdoor bathroom trip requires a leash. No exceptions.

SustainableVet.org confirms: always use a leash when outside, even for bathroom breaks; open-door access to the yard allows a dog to run, chase, or slip before the owner can intervene.

Leash length: short -- no retractable leashes. The owner must be able to prevent sudden running immediately. A 4 to 6 foot leash is appropriate.

Bathroom trip duration: 5 minutes maximum in weeks 1 to 2. Gradual increase per the vet's protocol.

Wet weather: rain and wet grass introduce bacteria to the incision area and also create slipping hazard. Time trips to avoid heavy rain where possible; carry a dry towel.

Week-by-week confinement protocol

Weeks 0 to 2 (strictest):

• Crate at all times except supervised bathroom leash walks
• 5-minute walks, 3 to 5 times daily
• E-collar on at all times
• No access to any area without owner supervision

Weeks 2 to 6 (moderate):

• Crate or X-pen when unsupervised
• Supervised time in the confinement room with owner present
• Leash walks increasing gradually per vet's direction
• E-collar until incision fully confirmed healed at 2-week recheck

Weeks 6 to 12 (graduated relaxation):

• Confinement continues but may expand to a room-sized area under supervision
• Activity increases based on radiographic findings at 6-week recheck
• Off-leash access to the house (not yard) under close supervision for some dogs, vet-directed

After 12 weeks (post-clearance):

• Full activity restriction lifted after radiographic bone healing confirmation
• Progressive return to normal environment and activity
• Still avoid high-impact play until full muscle recovery at 4 to 6 months

For the full recovery timeline, see what to expect after TPLO surgery in dogs. For keeping a dog calm during confinement, see how to keep a dog calm after TPLO surgery.

For physical therapy timing, see when to start physical therapy after TPLO surgery. For infection prevention, see post-operative care mistakes that increase TPLO infection risk.

Frequently asked questions

My dog has never been in a crate. Can I start at surgery?

Yes, but start before surgery if possible -- even a few days of crate introduction before surgery significantly reduces post-operative confinement distress.

If you cannot prepare beforehand, introduce the crate gently in the first day or two at home, using meals and treats to create positive associations.

How do I know if the crate is the right size?

The dog should be able to stand with their head up, turn in a full circle, and lie in multiple positions without being cramped.

They should NOT be able to trot or run within the crate space. If in doubt, err toward smaller.

My dog cries in the crate for hours. Is the confinement causing psychological harm?

Extended, severe crate distress may indicate inadequate pain management (the dog is in pain, not just frustrated) or genuine severe separation anxiety. Contact your vet.

Trazodone and gabapentin can significantly reduce confinement distress. Do not abandon confinement -- the physical risk of uncontrolled activity is greater than the psychological discomfort of confinement.

Can my dog sleep in my bed during recovery?

No. Jumping off the bed -- even a single time -- can displace the plate.

The dog must sleep in the crate or on a floor-level dog bed in the recovery area throughout the restriction period.

Can I let my dog outside in a fenced yard for bathroom breaks without a leash?

No. Dogs routinely run, spin, and perform sudden movements in yards even when told to go to the bathroom.

A single run to chase a squirrel or greet someone at the fence is enough to cause plate failure before the osteotomy heals. Leash only, every time.

Resources

• SustainableVet. How to Confine Your Dog Post-TPLO Surgery. sustainablevet.org
• TPLO Info. How to Confine Your Dog Post-TPLO Surgery. tploinfo.com
• Dog Knee Injury. How to Confine Your Dog After TPLO Surgery. dogkneeinjury.com
• VCA Animal Hospitals. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) in Dogs. vcahospitals.com

CCL (cranial cruciate ligament) rupture is one of the most common orthopedic injuries in dogs.

Canine CCL rupture often develops gradually through progressive degeneration. Early signs are subtle and easy to dismiss as aging or a minor sprain.

Recognizing the signs early improves outcomes because partial tears can progress to complete ruptures if not addressed.

Quick answer: Common signs a dog may need TPLO surgery: persistent rear limb limping, stiffness after rest, toe-touching gait, sitting with one rear leg extended (positive sit test), stifle swelling and warmth, and sudden non-weight bearing. A drawer test and radiographs confirm CCL rupture.

Key takeaways

• Hind limb lameness is the most common presenting sign: any dog with a persistent rear leg limp warrants veterinary evaluation; CCL rupture is the most common orthopedic cause
• The classic sitting posture change is highly specific: a dog now sitting with one rear leg extended to the side rather than tucked under is compensating for stifle pain (positive sit test)
• Intermittent lameness that comes and goes may indicate a partial tear: partial tears progress to complete ruptures in most dogs without treatment
• Stiffness after rest or sleep is a common early sign: the dog seems fine after moving around but is stiff when first rising
• Non-weight bearing or acute severe lameness after activity indicates a complete CCL rupture; the dog holds the leg entirely off the ground
• Both stifles are at risk: 30 to 40% of dogs develop CCL rupture in both knees over time; monitor the opposite side in any dog with known CCL disease

The 13 signs

1. Hind limb limping after exercise

The dog walks normally at rest but limps noticeably after running, playing, or climbing stairs. The limping may resolve after 10 to 30 minutes of rest.

This pattern suggests the joint can handle low-level loading but is symptomatic under increased mechanical stress.

SustainableVet.org confirms: occasional limping may come and go, especially after exercise or long walks; some days may seem better than others, but this inconsistency is a sign of joint problems.

2. Toe-touching gait (barely bearing weight)

The dog walks with most weight on three legs, barely resting the toes of the affected rear limb on the ground.

The toe touches down for stability and ground contact but carries almost no weight.

SustainableVet.org confirms: the dog may lightly place just the toes of the affected leg on the ground without putting full weight on it; this is a common sign of knee pain.

Coldwater Online confirms: sitting with the leg kicked out to the side is a classic signal.

3. Sitting with one rear leg extended to the side (positive sit test)

A dog with stifle pain cannot comfortably flex the knee to a normal sitting position. Instead, the affected leg extends out to the side while the dog sits.

This is reproducible and highly suggestive of stifle pathology.

AESC confirms: dogs with CCL tears often sit with one leg stuck out to the side rather than tucked normally.

4. Stiffness after rest or sleep

The dog gets up from sleeping or lying and is noticeably stiff and lame for the first few minutes. After moving around, the stiffness resolves.

This is the classic pattern of joint inflammation: fluid redistribution during rest causes stiffness that is mobilized by movement.

Coldwater Online confirms: stiffness after rest, especially in the morning or after a nap, is a classic early signal.

5. Reluctance to go up or down stairs

Climbing stairs requires repetitive stifle flexion and load bearing. A dog with a partial or complete CCL tear shows hesitation or refusal to use stairs, often pausing at the base or top.

6. Reluctance to jump into the car or onto furniture

Loading into the car from the ground requires a pushing-off motion from the rear legs with sudden stifle extension. Dogs with CCL pain become reluctant to perform this movement.

7. Muscle atrophy of the rear leg

The quadriceps and hamstring muscles of the affected leg visibly reduce in size compared to the opposite leg. This occurs because the dog guards the painful limb and reduces loading over time.

Noticeable asymmetry in thigh circumference is a sign of chronic or progressive CCL disease.

8. Swelling at the stifle joint

The stifle (knee) joint becomes palpably enlarged.

The medial compartment (inside of the knee) often shows a visible soft tissue swelling called a medial buttress -- fibrous tissue that develops in response to chronic joint instability.

The joint may feel warm compared to the opposite stifle.

MetLife Pet Insurance confirms: the stifle area may appear swollen or feel warm to the touch.

9. Audible popping or clicking from the knee

Meniscal damage accompanies CCL rupture in approximately 40 to 60% of chronic cases.

When the unstable tibia slides across the femoral condyles, it may crush or tear the meniscus, producing an audible clicking or popping sound.

AESC confirms: popping noises as the knee joint moves may be heard and are a sign of possible meniscal involvement.

10. Sudden complete non-weight bearing after activity

The dog was running, playing, or jumping, then suddenly cried out and completely stopped using the rear leg. This acute presentation indicates a sudden complete CCL rupture.

Unlike gradual partial tears, complete acute ruptures are painful and dramatic at onset.

Sandringham Vet confirms: most dogs with a CCL tear will avoid putting weight on the affected leg; difficulty standing up or sitting from a resting position is common after complete rupture.

11. Chronic intermittent lameness with improvement then worsening

The dog limps, seems to improve, then worsens again. This cyclical pattern often reflects a partial tear progressing with activity then settling with rest.

Without treatment, partial tears progress to complete ruptures in most dogs.

12. Both rear legs showing signs simultaneously

Some dogs present with bilateral CCL disease -- both stifles partially or completely ruptured.

These dogs show a characteristic bunny-hopping gait (using both rear legs together rather than alternating) or severe difficulty rising.

Midvalley Animal Clinic notes 30 to 40% of patients will develop CCL rupture in both knees over time.

13. Hindquarters weakness or instability during activity

The dog's rear end seems weak or gives way during turning, running, or on uneven terrain. This reflects dynamic instability of the stifle under load rather than pain at rest.

How the diagnosis is confirmed

Signs alone are not sufficient for definitive diagnosis. Veterinary confirmation requires:

Physical examination tests

Tibial thrust test: the vet applies cranial-directed force to the hock while stabilizing the femur. In a CCL-deficient stifle, the tibia slides forward under this force.

Drawer test: with the dog sedated or relaxed, the vet grasps the femur and tibia and attempts to slide them in opposite directions. Forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur (cranial drawer) confirms CCL rupture.

Chewy confirms: your veterinarian will check for tibial thrust -- abnormal sliding of femur and tibia. A positive drawer test confirms CCL rupture is very likely.

Radiographs

X-rays assess joint fluid accumulation (which causes fat pad displacement on the lateral view -- the "fat pad sign"), early arthritis changes, and tibial plateau angle (TPA) measurement for surgical planning.

Radiographs do not directly image the CCL but confirm the secondary changes of CCL disease.

Arthroscopy or arthrotomy

At the time of surgery, the surgeon directly inspects the CCL and menisci. This provides the definitive diagnosis and allows concurrent meniscal treatment.

For the TPLO surgery overview, see what causes TPLO surgery to be needed in dogs. For alternatives, see alternatives to TPLO surgery for dogs.

For TPLO vs lateral suture, see lateral suture vs TPLO for dogs. For surgery preparation, see preparing for your dog's TPLO surgery.

Frequently asked questions

Can a dog with a CCL tear recover without surgery?

Partial tears in very small dogs (under 10 to 15 kg) sometimes stabilize with strict rest and conservative management.

For most dogs, particularly those over 15 to 20 kg, conservative management does not restore normal joint stability and the lameness persists or worsens.

Complete ruptures in any dog over about 15 kg typically require surgery for full functional recovery.

How quickly does a CCL tear progress if untreated?

A partial tear typically progresses to a complete rupture within weeks to months if activity is not restricted. Arthritis develops progressively from the moment the joint becomes unstable.

Early treatment reduces arthritis progression and improves long-term outcomes.

My dog limped once and then seemed fine. Should I go to the vet?

Yes, if the limp was in a rear leg and involved guarding or reduced weight bearing. A single episode of rear limb lameness lasting more than a few minutes warrants evaluation.

Early CCL tears can produce episodic lameness that resolves with rest -- evaluation while the dog appears normal can still reveal joint instability or effusion on examination.

Does the dog need sedation for the drawer test?

Sedation often improves accuracy. A dog in pain or a large, tense dog may resist examination sufficiently to produce a false-negative drawer test.

Sedation allows full relaxation and more reliable assessment of drawer and tibial thrust.

Which breeds are most at risk for CCL rupture?

Dispomed confirms high-risk breeds include Rottweilers, Newfoundlands, Staffordshire Terriers, Mastiffs, Akitas, Saint Bernards, Labrador Retrievers, and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. Neutered dogs are at higher risk than intact dogs of the same breed.

Obesity and poor physical condition also increase risk.

Resources

• SustainableVet. 13 Signs Your Dog May Need TPLO Surgery. sustainablevet.org
• AESC Parker. TPLO Surgery in Dogs: Frequently Asked Questions. aescparker.com
• MetLife Pet Insurance. TPLO Surgery for Dogs. metlifepetinsurance.com
• ACVS. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease. acvs.org