Why Nutrition Matters in Orthopedic Recovery

Nutrition plays a key role in how well a dog recovers after orthopedic surgery or injury. Bones, joints, muscles, and soft tissues all need the right nutrients to heal properly. Without enough protein, vitamins, and minerals, healing slows down and the risk of complications goes up.

Inflammation is common after surgery. Some foods can help reduce it naturally, like those rich in omega-3 fatty acids. At the same time, proper nutrition supports tissue repair, keeps muscles strong, and helps rebuild cartilage around joints.

Supplements can help, but they don’t replace a balanced diet. For example, giving glucosamine is useful, but it won’t work if the dog is eating low-quality food that lacks protein or key vitamins. Recovery works best when supplements are part of a complete nutrition plan, not the only solution.

Start with the Basics: Weight and Diet First

Importance of Weight Management

Keeping a healthy weight is one of the most important parts of orthopedic care. Extra weight puts more stress on joints, especially the knees, hips, and spine. For dogs recovering from surgery, even a few extra pounds can slow healing and increase pain.

Obesity is strongly linked to many joint problems, including arthritis, cruciate ligament injuries, and hip dysplasia. The more weight a dog carries, the harder the joints must work, leading to faster wear and tear. In overweight dogs, surgeries like TPLO or joint replacement often have slower and more difficult recoveries.

Helping a dog reach or stay at a healthy weight reduces this stress and improves mobility. It also lowers inflammation, which supports healing. Even small weight loss—just 5–10% of body weight—can make a big difference in how a dog moves and feels after orthopedic treatment.

Key Nutrients in an Orthopedic Diet

A strong orthopedic recovery starts with a diet that supports healing tissues. Protein is the most important building block—it helps repair muscles, tendons, and bones. Dogs healing from surgery need more protein than usual, especially during the first few weeks post-op.

Calcium and phosphorus are key for bone strength. They must be given in the right ratio, especially in growing dogs, to avoid bone problems. Vitamins like C and D support collagen repair and calcium absorption. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil can reduce inflammation in joints and help with pain.

But more isn’t always better. Over-supplementing can throw off balance. For example, too much calcium can lead to bone disorders. It’s best to provide these nutrients through a balanced, high-quality orthopedic or joint-support formula unless your vet recommends extra supplements. Good food is the foundation; supplements should fill gaps, not replace meals.

Supplements That Work: Backed by Veterinary Use

When used with the right diet and weight control, certain supplements can support healing and reduce joint pain. Here are some of the most commonly used and well-researched options in veterinary orthopedic care.

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil)

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA from fish oil, are powerful anti-inflammatory agents. They help reduce joint swelling and improve mobility in dogs with arthritis or post-surgery stiffness. Studies show they can lower the need for pain medications over time.

Common sources include salmon oil, sardine oil, and anchovy oil. Veterinary-grade products are more purified and properly dosed compared to grocery store options. The usual dose is based on body weight, and your vet can guide you to avoid over-supplementation. Fish oil is often the first supplement added to a recovery plan because of its safety, long-term benefits, and ability to work well with other treatments.

2. Green-Lipped Mussel (GLM)

Green-lipped mussel is a natural anti-inflammatory that comes from shellfish native to New Zealand. It contains omega-3s, amino acids, and antioxidants that work together to ease joint pain and stiffness, especially in dogs with osteoarthritis.

GLM is often found in vet-recommended joint products and is considered safe for long-term use. Research shows it can improve comfort and mobility in both older dogs and those recovering from orthopedic surgery.

Unlike synthetic drugs, GLM has fewer side effects and provides a gentle way to support joint health. It's not a cure, but when used consistently, it may lower the need for pain meds and improve quality of life over time.

3. Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Glucosamine and chondroitin are among the most widely studied supplements for joint care in dogs. They support cartilage health, reduce inflammation, and may slow the breakdown of joint tissues. Many vets include them in post-op recovery plans or for long-term management of arthritis.

However, results vary. Some dogs show clear improvement in stiffness and mobility, while others don’t respond as well. The biggest benefits are seen with consistent use over at least 6–8 weeks.

These compounds work best in early to moderate joint disease, not as much in advanced cases. While not a magic fix, they’re still a go-to part of many joint support protocols because of their long safety history.

4. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)

MSM is a sulfur-based compound found in plants and animals. In orthopedic patients, it's used for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. MSM helps reduce joint swelling and may ease muscle soreness, which is useful after surgery or injury.

This supplement is often paired with glucosamine and chondroitin for added support. It also plays a role in building healthy collagen and connective tissue, which are key during the healing phase. MSM is generally well-tolerated and safe for long-term use.

While more research is still needed, many veterinarians recommend it as part of a combined joint supplement, especially when managing pain without heavy use of NSAIDs.

5. UC-II (Undenatured Collagen Type II)

UC-II is a unique form of collagen that works differently from other joint supplements. It targets the immune system and helps reduce the inflammation that causes cartilage breakdown. Instead of adding building blocks like glucosamine, UC-II trains the immune system to stop attacking joint tissues.

This can be especially helpful in dogs with immune-driven joint problems or chronic arthritis. Some studies suggest it may work better than glucosamine in certain cases, especially for dogs who haven’t responded well to standard supplements.

UC-II is usually taken in small doses and is often combined with other anti-inflammatory agents. It's a good option for dogs needing extra immune-based joint care.

6. Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASUs)

ASUs are a mix of natural plant extracts made from avocados and soybeans. They work by slowing cartilage breakdown and blocking enzymes that damage joint tissue. Though not as common as other supplements, ASUs have shown promising results in both human and veterinary studies.

They’re often included in high-quality veterinary joint products along with glucosamine or chondroitin. ASUs are best used when the goal is to protect cartilage and delay further joint damage.

They may also reduce pain and improve mobility in long-term joint conditions. While not a first-line supplement, they offer extra support for dogs with ongoing joint stress or after major orthopedic surgery.

Natural Options Gaining Interest

Alongside traditional supplements, some natural compounds are gaining attention for their potential to support joint health. While the research is still developing, these options may offer gentle support when used carefully and under veterinary guidance.

1. Turmeric (Curcumin)

Turmeric contains curcumin, a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory effects. Some studies and reports suggest it may help with joint pain and stiffness in dogs, especially those with arthritis. However, curcumin has poor absorption in the body unless combined with other ingredients like black pepper extract.

Many pet supplements use enhanced formulas to improve effectiveness. While it’s a promising option, the results are mixed and more research is needed. Still, turmeric can be a helpful addition to a complete joint care plan when properly formulated.

2. Microlactin

Microlactin is a dried milk protein from cows, known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It works by blocking white blood cells that contribute to joint inflammation and tissue damage. While it's newer compared to other joint supplements, early research and some clinical use suggest it may help reduce pain and improve mobility in dogs with chronic joint issues.

It’s often used as a secondary supplement for dogs who don’t fully respond to traditional options. So far, it appears safe and well-tolerated, but long-term studies are still limited.

3. CBD Oil for Joint Pain

CBD oil has gained popularity for managing pain and anxiety in pets, including dogs with joint problems. Some owners report better mobility and reduced stiffness. Early research also supports its potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects. However, there are concerns around safety, correct dosing, and product quality.

Veterinary-approved CBD products are best, and you should always speak with your vet before starting. While it shows promise, CBD should never replace proven treatments and should only be used as part of a supervised care plan.

4. Vitamins C & E for Joint Health

Vitamins C and E are antioxidants that help protect joints from damage caused by free radicals. They don’t rebuild cartilage or stop inflammation directly, but they support overall tissue health. In orthopedic recovery, these vitamins may help reduce oxidative stress around healing joints.

Most dogs get enough of these nutrients from balanced diets, so extra supplementation is usually not needed unless advised by a vet. When used, they serve more as add-ons rather than core treatments for joint disease or post-surgery care.

What Often Doesn’t Work (or Needs Caution)

Not all joint supplements are effective—or safe—when used without proper guidance. Many products on the market make big claims but offer little real benefit, especially when not chosen carefully.

Here are common mistakes to avoid:

• Generic or low-quality supplements: Many over-the-counter joint products lack proper testing or use low-grade ingredients. They may contain less active compound than listed or have poor absorption, making them ineffective.
• Overuse of single-ingredient products: Giving high doses of one supplement, like calcium or glucosamine, without balancing it with other nutrients can cause more harm than good. It may lead to imbalances or worsen certain conditions.
• Delaying supportive care: Waiting until a dog is in severe pain or has lost mobility can limit how well supplements and nutrition work. Early support gives the best long-term results.

Supplements are most helpful when started early, chosen with care, and combined with a full recovery plan. Always consult your vet before starting anything new—what works for one dog may not suit another.

How to Choose the Right Supplements

Choosing the right joint supplements for orthopedic care isn’t just about picking a popular brand. The quality, dosage, and how the supplement works with your dog’s overall plan all matter.

Here’s what to focus on:

• Vet-recommended or clinically tested brands: Look for supplements that have veterinary backing or are used in clinical studies. These are more likely to be safe, effective, and properly dosed.
• Absorption and dosage form: Some supplements work better in liquid or chew form because they’re easier to absorb. Powder-filled capsules may not break down well, especially in sick or older dogs.
• Purity and quality control: Choose products made by trusted companies that test for contaminants like heavy metals or fillers. Avoid supplements without clear labels or dosage guidelines.
• Part of a full plan: Supplements work best when used alongside proper diet, weight management, and physical therapy. They are not magic cures on their own.

Talk to your vet to make sure the supplement fits your dog’s condition and recovery stage. Personalized support is always better than one-size-fits-all.

When to Start and How to Monitor Progress

Starting nutritional support and supplements early in the recovery process gives the best chance for healing. The goal is to reduce inflammation, protect joints, and support tissue repair before damage becomes severe. In many cases, waiting too long can limit how well these therapies work.

Early intervention helps to:

• Reduce swelling and stiffness after surgery
• Support faster healing of bones and soft tissues
• Delay or prevent long-term joint damage

Once supplements are started, it’s important to track your dog’s progress over several weeks.

Watch for signs of improvement like:

• Better mobility or ease in getting up
• Less limping or stiffness after rest
• Reduced need for pain medication

Keep a simple journal or video log to track changes. If there’s no clear improvement after 6–8 weeks, or if your dog gets worse, it’s time to re-evaluate the plan. Your vet may recommend changing the supplement, adjusting the dose, or focusing more on diet and physical therapy.

Every dog is different—regular check-ins help keep the recovery on track.

Always Work With Your Veterinarian

Supplements and nutrition can play a big role in orthopedic recovery, but they should never be used without your veterinarian’s guidance. Every dog is different. Age, breed, diagnosis, weight, and other health issues all affect which supplements are safe and effective.

Your vet can build a personalized plan that fits your dog’s specific needs. For example, a dog recovering from TPLO surgery may need different support than one with chronic arthritis or hip dysplasia. Vets also help choose the right product, dosage, and timing for each stage of recovery.

Monitoring is just as important. Some supplements can interact with medications or cause mild side effects like stomach upset. Your vet can spot these early and make changes if needed.

Veterinarians also work closely with rehab professionals. Together, they balance nutrition, medication, and physical therapy to support healing. This team approach helps avoid delays, reduces pain, and improves long-term joint health.

In short, the best results come when supplements are used as part of a full veterinary-guided plan—not in place of one. Always keep your vet in the loop.

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FAQs

Do joint supplements really work for dogs with orthopedic issues?

Yes, joint supplements can help reduce inflammation, support cartilage, and improve mobility in dogs with orthopedic conditions. Results vary, but many dogs show benefits with consistent use. They work best when started early and combined with proper diet, weight control, and veterinary care.

Which supplements are best for arthritis in dogs?

The most commonly used supplements for arthritis include glucosamine, chondroitin, fish oil (omega-3s), and green-lipped mussel. UC-II and MSM are also helpful in many cases. Always choose vet-recommended products and use them as part of a complete management plan.

Can I give multiple supplements together for better results?

Yes, many joint formulas combine ingredients like glucosamine, MSM, and fish oil for a more complete effect. However, combining different products on your own may lead to overdosing. Always check with your vet before giving multiple supplements together.

When should I start my pet on joint supplements?

Start supplements at the first sign of joint issues or after orthopedic surgery. Early support can slow down joint damage, ease pain, and help your dog recover faster. Some vets even suggest starting in high-risk breeds before problems begin.

How do I know if a supplement is high quality and safe?

Look for veterinary-approved brands with clear ingredient labels and dosing instructions. Choose products that have undergone purity and safety testing. Avoid supplements without proper certification or those with vague claims. Your vet can recommend trusted options based on your dog’s needs.

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The surgeon closes the incision and hands the patient back. From that point, the referring vet carries the case.

Post-surgical care is not passive.

It requires active communication with the surgical team, structured recheck examinations, prompt complication recognition, and consistent owner support throughout a recovery that may last months.

Quick answer: Post-surgical follow-up for referred orthopedic patients includes reading the discharge summary before the first recheck, establishing a recheck schedule (suture removal at day 10 to 14, radiographs at week 6 to 8), recognizing complications early, and reinforcing owner compliance at every visit.

Key takeaways

• Read the discharge summary before the first recheck: skimming leads to medication errors, missed complications, and inconsistent owner instructions
• Standard orthopedic recheck schedule: suture removal at day 10 to 14; radiographs at week 6 to 8; final check at week 12 to 16
• Contact the surgical team for: implant complications, deep infection not resolving in 72 hours, wound dehiscence, or worsening lameness
• Owner compliance is the most modifiable variable: reinforce activity restrictions, E-collar use, and complication signs at every contact
• Refer back for: deep infection, implant-related concerns, wound dehiscence, or persistent non-weight-bearing beyond expected timepoints
• Document each visit clearly: both the referring vet and the surgical team need an accurate record to track patient progress

Reading the discharge summary

The role of a referring veterinarian does not end when the surgery is done. After the specialist performs the procedure, the referring veterinarian often monitors the patient's healing, manages medications, and supports the client with follow-up care. Without clear updates and guidance, this handoff can lead to confusion, missed issues, or delayed treatment.

The discharge summary is the primary communication from the surgical team.

It contains the diagnosis, the specific procedure performed, implant details, the prescribed medication list, the recheck schedule, and the complications to monitor.

Even when the specialist provides detailed discharge instructions, referring veterinarians often need to reinforce or adjust them during follow-up visits. Clients may forget or misunderstand what they were told at the surgical centre, especially if they were stressed or overwhelmed on discharge day.

What to extract from every discharge summary:

• Full medication list (drug, dose, frequency, duration)
• Recheck schedule and what assessment is required at each visit
• Specific complications the surgeon flagged for this case
• Activity restriction level and when it can be modified
• Criteria for contacting the surgical team directly

If anything is unclear, contact the specialist before the first recheck not after.

Recheck schedule

Soft tissue cases

• Day 10 to 14: incision assessment, suture removal, medication review
• Further rechecks: based on clinical signs and case complexity

Orthopedic cases

• Day 10 to 14: incision assessment, suture removal, gait assessment
• Week 6 to 8: radiographs to confirm bone healing and implant position
• Week 12 to 16: final assessment in complex cases; progressive activity increase if healing confirmed

If pain medications are still needed after a few weeks, it is best to follow up with your referring veterinarian.

Consistent scheduling helps track progress and catch complications early. Document each visit so both you and the specialist can follow the case.

What to assess at each recheck

At every visit:

• Incision appearance: closure status, discharge type and volume, redness, swelling
• Weight-bearing status on the affected limb
• Pain assessment using a standardized scale
• Muscle mass: compare bilaterally
• E-collar compliance
• Medication compliance and any adverse effects reported by the owner

At orthopedic rechecks:

• Joint stability (where applicable)
• Range of motion of the operated joint
• Radiographs at intervals specified in the discharge summary

Recognizing and triaging complications

Surgical site infection (SSI)

Signs: redness extending beyond the incision margins after day 3, purulent discharge, local heat, wound odor, systemic signs (fever, lethargy).

Management: culture and sensitivity before starting antibiotics. Surface infections can be managed locally. Deep infections, infections near implants, and infections not improving in 48 to 72 hours require surgical team contact.

Seroma

Soft, fluctuant non-painful swelling beneath the incision. Common after soft tissue and orthopedic surgery. Small seromas often resolve with strict rest. Larger seromas may need drainage under guidance from the surgical team.

Wound dehiscence

Partial or complete opening of the incision. Requires same-day assessment. Full dehiscence with tissue exposure is an emergency. Contact the surgical team before attempting local re-closure of complex wounds.

Persistent or worsening lameness

In orthopedic cases, persistent non-weight-bearing or worsening lameness beyond the expected timeline warrants radiographs and surgical team contact. Implant loosening, infection, or fracture propagation must be ruled out before managing locally.

Communicating with the surgical team

Smooth communication between the surgical team and the referring vet is crucial.

Contact the surgical team for:

• Any implant-related concern identified on radiograph
• Deep SSI not resolving with antibiotics in 48 to 72 hours
• Wound dehiscence of a complex closure
• Lameness or pain worsening rather than improving at expected timepoints
• Uncertainty about whether a finding requires re-referral

The GP's office should contact the orthopedic surgeon to get the discharge instructions, which include pin care and a schedule for pin removal. Call the specialty hospital on the day of surgery to get a briefing on the outcome and expected aftercare.

A proactive call immediately after surgery, confirming surgical findings and aftercare requirements, prevents the most common breakdown: managing a complication beyond scope while the problem worsens.

Supporting owners through recovery

Focus on key points like medication schedules, activity restrictions, wound care, and signs that need urgent attention. Avoid medical jargon clients appreciate straightforward, step-by-step guidance. You can provide these as printed handouts or digital summaries sent by email or text.

Follow-up communication needs to happen the day after the patient is discharged. Make sure you have updated contact information and the desired contact method. Encourage clients to call if they have any concerns once the pet is home.

Owner compliance particularly with activity restriction and E-collar use is the most controllable variable in post-surgical outcome. Non-compliance is the most common cause of wound complications and implant failure.

Reinforce it at every visit, not just at the first one.

For the complications guide covering specific scenarios and when to re-refer, see post-op home care for pets after orthopedic surgery.

For the communication framework between GP and specialist, see how to optimize communication between general practitioners and orthopedic surgeons.

Frequently asked questions

When should I contact the surgical team vs. manage locally?

Manage locally: minor incision redness not progressing, small seromas under active rest restrictions, mild expected lameness on the expected timeline.

Contact the surgical team: any implant concern, deep infection, wound dehiscence of a complex closure, worsening rather than improving lameness, or any complication you are unsure how to manage.

What imaging is needed at the 6-week orthopedic recheck?

Radiographs of the operated region in the same views as the post-operative images from the discharge summary. Compare implant position, bone healing, and periimplant margins.

If the surgeon provided post-operative radiographs in the discharge summary, use these as the baseline for comparison.

My client says the dog is doing great but the incision looks concerning. Who is right?

Trust the physical examination over owner assessment. Owners naturally minimise signs when they want their pet to be well.

Document your findings, photograph the incision, and manage based on clinical evidence rather than owner report.

How do I handle the case if I cannot reach the surgical team?

Document the attempt and the clinical finding. For non-emergency complications, continue conservative local management while attempting to reach the team.

For emergencies (wound dehiscence with tissue exposure, signs of systemic sepsis), act appropriately and continue attempting specialist contact. Never delay emergency care while awaiting specialist guidance.

How long does the referring vet typically follow the case?

For straightforward soft tissue cases, typically until the 10 to 14 day recheck and discharge.

For orthopedic cases, the referring vet typically follows the patient through the 6 to 8 week radiographic recheck and the 12 to 16 week final assessment.

This represents a total follow-up period of 3 to 4 months.

Resources

• SustainableVet. Post-Surgical Follow-Up Guide for Referring Vets. sustainablevet.org
• Advanced Veterinary Care. Orthopedic Surgery Post-Operative Instructions. advancedvetcarenm.com
• Today's Veterinary Business. From Preop Through Postop. todaysveterinarybusiness.com
• ACVS. Postoperative Care After Surgery: What Animal Owners Should Expect. acvs.org

Rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery is not optional it is a core component of recovery.

Dogs that receive structured rehabilitation after procedures such as TPLO, FHO, or fracture repair consistently return to function faster and more completely than those managed with rest alone.

Referring veterinarians are in a key position to set expectations, identify appropriate patients for formal rehabilitation referral, and guide owners through what they can do at home between specialist visits.

Quick answer: Rehabilitation after orthopedic surgery combines passive range-of-motion exercises, controlled leash walking, hydrotherapy, therapeutic laser, and progressive strengthening. Formal rehabilitation with a certified canine rehabilitation practitioner produces measurably better outcomes than rest alone.

Key takeaways

• Rehabilitation significantly improves post-surgical outcomes: dogs receiving post-TPLO rehab return to limb use faster than controls managed with rest alone
• Hydrotherapy is one of the most impactful modalities: water buoyancy reduces weight-bearing stress by up to 90% while building muscle
• Passive range-of-motion exercises begin within the first few days post-surgery to prevent joint stiffness and soft tissue adhesion
• Therapeutic laser can be initiated immediately after surgery to reduce inflammation and support tissue healing
• Rehabilitation referral should be considered for any orthopedic surgical patient, particularly large-breed dogs, bilateral cases, and slow-progressors
• Home exercises taught to owners at discharge sit-to-stands, controlled leash walking, passive ROM extend the benefit of formal sessions

Why rehabilitation matters after orthopedic surgery

Surgery creates a stable repair. Rehabilitation determines the quality of function that is achieved on top of that repair.

Physical rehabilitation is a specialty of veterinary medicine that focuses on strength, mobility, and comfort of pets. Rehabilitation therapy utilizes a combination of therapeutic exercises, physical modalities like laser, and hands-on techniques to alleviate pain and improve function.

Without proper rehabilitation, dogs may experience prolonged pain, stiffness, muscle atrophy, or even a decline in overall function. Physical therapy helps bridge the gap between surgery and a full return to normal activities by promoting safe and effective healing.

The referring vet's role after orthopedic surgery is threefold: enforce rest during early healing, manage pain so the dog can engage in rehab exercises, and identify patients who need formal rehabilitation referral.

Rehabilitation modalities

Passive range-of-motion exercises (PROM)

Range-of-motion and stretching exercises are vital activities to help improve joint motion and flexibility in pets after surgery. These exercises help prevent adhesions between soft tissues and bone, improve muscle extensibility, and prevent further injury to joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

PROM begins within the first few days of surgery, before the dog can actively bear weight. Owners are typically taught how to perform these at discharge.

The technique involves gentle flexion and extension of the affected joint through its comfortable range, without forcing the endpoint.

Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill)

The buoyancy effect reduces weight-bearing stress by up to 90%, allowing pets to exercise with minimal pain while still building muscle mass.

Most veterinarians recommend beginning hydrotherapy only after the surgical site is fully closed and inflammation has subsided, which usually occurs after two to four weeks but this timeline varies depending on the procedure and the individual pet.

The underwater treadmill is the most commonly used hydrotherapy tool in veterinary rehabilitation. Pool swimming is also used but provides less controlled, task-specific exercise.

Therapeutic laser (photobiomodulation)

Laser therapy can be initiated right after surgery to stimulate healing.

Therapeutic laser reduces inflammation, decreases pain, and promotes tissue repair at the cellular level. It is one of the few modalities that can begin immediately post-operatively at the surgical site.

Therapeutic exercises

Physiotherapy exercises for dogs can include things like balancing on three legs, walking on the front legs, sit-and-stand exercises, and side-hopping. These exercises can help with recovery.

Progressive land-based exercises are introduced as healing advances. Sit-to-stand exercises build hindlimb strength without high-impact loading. Balance boards, cavaletti poles, and incline walking are added as the dog progresses.

Heat and cold therapy

Cold therapy (cryotherapy) is used in the first 48 to 72 hours post-surgery to reduce inflammation and swelling. Heat is introduced later to relax muscles and increase local circulation before exercise sessions.

When to refer to a certified rehabilitation practitioner

Formal rehabilitation referral is appropriate for:

• Large and giant breed dogs after major orthopedic procedures (TPLO, THR, fracture repair)
• Any dog that is not bearing weight on the operated limb by the expected timepoint
• Bilateral cases where both limbs are affected
• Dogs with concurrent neurological signs
• Dogs with pre-existing muscle atrophy or poor baseline condition
• Cases where owners cannot reliably perform home exercises

A certified canine rehabilitation practitioner (CCRP) or diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation (DACVSMR) provides the most structured and evidence-based program.

Home exercises for owners

Most owners can learn and perform the following between formal sessions:

Short controlled leash walks: beginning as short as 5 minutes, three times daily, increasing progressively per the surgeon's protocol. No pulling, no running.

Passive range-of-motion: gentle flexion and extension of the surgical joint, 10 to 15 repetitions, two to three times daily. Stop at the point of resistance; never force.

Sit-to-stand exercises: asking the dog to sit and stand repeatedly encourages hindlimb muscle activation. Begin with 5 repetitions and increase over weeks.

Cold packing: 10 to 15 minutes of cold application to the surgical site after exercise sessions in the first two weeks reduces local inflammation.

For the pain management that supports engagement in rehabilitation, see orthopedic pain management in pets: multimodal approaches. For the nutrition and supplement context, see nutrition and supplements for orthopedic patients.

Frequently asked questions

How soon after orthopedic surgery can rehabilitation begin?

Passive range-of-motion and short controlled leash walks typically begin within the first few days. Hydrotherapy begins once the incision is closed and inflammation has subsided, usually at two to four weeks.

Therapeutic laser can begin immediately. The surgeon's discharge protocol sets the specific timeline for each patient.

My patient is not bearing weight at two weeks post-TPLO. Should I refer?

Yes. Persistent non-weight-bearing at two weeks warrants assessment either by the performing surgeon or a rehabilitation specialist. Causes include inadequate pain management, implant-related issues, or lack of physiotherapy engagement.

Formal rehabilitation evaluation is appropriate here.

Can owners do rehabilitation at home without formal sessions?

Home exercises taught at discharge are valuable and can significantly improve outcomes. However, formal sessions with a certified practitioner provide progression, monitoring, and modalities (laser, underwater treadmill) that owners cannot replicate.

Where resources allow, a combination is ideal.

What does a typical post-TPLO rehabilitation program look like?

Week 1 to 2: PROM, cold therapy, very short leash walks. Week 3 to 4: progressive leash walk duration, sit-to-stand exercises, hydrotherapy begins.

Week 5 to 8: increased land exercises, balance work, progressive incline walking. Month 3 to 4: gradual return to normal activity. Specific protocols vary by surgeon and practitioner.

Is rehabilitation covered by pet insurance?

Some comprehensive pet insurance plans cover rehabilitation therapy following surgery. Coverage varies significantly by policy and provider. Owners should check their policy before assuming coverage.

Resources

• AESC Parker. Physical Rehabilitation to Improve Surgical Recovery. aescparker.com
• DVM360. Physical Rehabilitation: Improving the Outcome in Dogs with Orthopedic Problems. dvm360.com
• AKC. Canine Rehabilitation Therapy: What to Know. akc.org
• PetMD. Dog Physical Therapy: Everything a Pet Parent Should Know. petmd.com
• VetGarofallo. Swimming and Physical Therapy After Surgery in Pets. vetgarofallo.com

Hip dysplasia is one of the most common orthopedic diagnoses in dogs, but it doesn't always mean surgery is coming.

Many dogs with hip dysplasia live comfortably for years on conservative management. Others reach a point where pain or mobility loss makes surgery the right path. Knowing which situation your dog is in, and which surgical option makes sense, is what this guide is for.

Quick answer: Surgery becomes the best option for hip dysplasia when conservative management no longer controls pain, when mobility is significantly impaired, or when a dog is young enough for preventive procedures. The two main surgical options are FHO (femoral head ostectomy) and THR (total hip replacement), each suited to different dogs.

Key takeaways

• Surgery isn't always necessary: many dogs manage well with medication, weight control, and physiotherapy.
• Two main surgical paths exist: FHO removes the femoral head; THR replaces the entire joint.
• FHO suits smaller dogs and tight budgets; THR delivers better function in large, active breeds.
• Early preventive surgery (DPO/TPO) is an option for puppies under 10 months with minimal joint damage.
• The trigger for surgery is quality of life, not the X-ray grade alone.
• Delaying surgery in severe cases worsens outcomes: arthritis accumulates and options narrow.

What hip dysplasia actually is

Hip dysplasia is a developmental condition in which the ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) of the hip joint don't fit together correctly. Instead of a tight, smooth connection, the joint is loose, allowing abnormal movement that gradually wears down cartilage and produces bone-on-bone friction.

The result is pain, inflammation, and over time, progressive osteoarthritis.

Hip dysplasia is most common in large and giant breeds: German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, and Saint Bernards among the most frequently affected, but it occurs in any size dog.

The severity on X-ray does not always match the dog's visible symptoms. Some dogs with significant radiographic changes are relatively comfortable. Others with moderate findings are clearly in pain. Both the X-ray and the clinical picture matter.

When conservative management is enough

For many dogs with hip dysplasia, especially mild to moderate cases, non-surgical management controls symptoms well enough that quality of life is maintained without surgery.

Conservative management typically includes:

• Weight management: Reducing body weight is the single most impactful intervention. Every pound of excess weight adds direct mechanical load to an already unstable joint.
• Pain medication: NSAIDs (such as carprofen, meloxicam, or grapiprant) reduce inflammation and pain. Regular bloodwork monitoring is required for long-term NSAID use.
• Joint supplements: Glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids support cartilage health and reduce inflammation over time.
• Physical therapy and low-impact exercise: Controlled walking, swimming, and hydrotherapy build the muscle mass that stabilizes the joint and reduces the load on the hip.
• Environmental modifications: Ramps instead of stairs, non-slip flooring, orthopedic bedding.

Conservative management doesn't fix the underlying anatomy. It manages symptoms within the constraints of what the joint can do. When symptoms outgrow what this approach can control, surgery enters the conversation.

For non-surgical alternatives in more detail, see non-surgical alternatives to consider.

When surgery becomes the better path

According to Ask A Vet (2025), surgery is recommended when conservative management fails or when early intervention can prevent arthritis. The clinical signals include:

• Persistent limping or bunny-hopping that doesn't resolve with medication and rest
• Reluctance to stand, jump, or climb stairs that's significantly limiting daily life
• Muscle atrophy in the hindquarters from disuse
• Radiographic evidence of progressive joint damage alongside clinical decline
• Quality of life that is clearly impacted despite consistent conservative management

The decision to move to surgery is a quality-of-life decision, not purely a radiographic one. Two dogs with similar X-rays may need different approaches based on their clinical response to conservative care.

The surgical options for hip dysplasia

FHO (femoral head ostectomy)

FHO removes the head and neck of the femur: the "ball" of the ball-and-socket joint. The remaining femur is cushioned by a "false joint" of fibrous scar tissue that forms over the following weeks.

Best suited to:

• Small to medium dogs (typically under 50 lbs)
• Any size dog when THR isn't feasible (financial constraints, health contraindications)
• Cats

Limitations: The false joint doesn't provide the mechanical function of a real hip. Large breeds may have residual pain or gait abnormality. Function depends heavily on muscle mass and rehabilitation.

For a full explanation of what the procedure involves, see what FHO surgery is and how it helps.

THR (total hip replacement)

THR replaces the entire hip joint with a prosthetic implant. The femoral head and acetabulum are both replaced with precisely fitted components.

Best suited to:

• Medium to large dogs (typically over 40 to 50 lbs) who want full athletic function restored
• Skeletally mature dogs (typically over 9 to 12 months)
• Dogs in otherwise good health without significant comorbidities

Advantage over FHO: THR restores near-normal hip anatomy and function. Success rates of 80 to 98% are reported across published studies. Large active breeds return to full exercise capacity more reliably than with FHO.

For a full overview of the THR procedure, see total hip replacement as an alternative.

DPO/TPO (double or triple pelvic osteotomy)

This is a preventive surgery performed only in young dogs (typically under 10 months old) with hip laxity but minimal joint damage. The surgeon cuts and rotates the pelvic bones to improve how the socket holds the femoral head, reducing abnormal motion before cartilage damage accumulates.

Candidates: puppies with confirmed hip laxity on radiograph, little or no arthritis, and growing bones.

This window closes as the dog matures and joint damage develops.

How to know which surgical option applies to your dog

The right surgical option depends on the intersection of several variables:

For the direct comparison of FHO versus THR across all major factors, see FHO vs total hip replacement for hip dysplasia.

For the specific indications that guide the FHO recommendation, see when FHO is recommended.

The cost of waiting

For dogs with mild disease and adequate pain control, watchful waiting is entirely appropriate.

For dogs with moderate to severe disease where quality of life is declining, delay carries real costs:

• Progressive arthritis: The damaged joint continues to deteriorate. Every month of delay means more cartilage loss and more established arthritis.
• Muscle atrophy: Disuse of the painful leg causes the supporting muscle to waste away, making recovery from eventual surgery harder and longer.
• Narrowing options: As joint damage progresses, some surgical options become less appropriate. DPO/TPO is only available during a brief window in puppyhood.

Early action, when indicated, typically means simpler surgery, cleaner recovery, and better long-term outcomes.

For guidance on whether your dog is a candidate for THR specifically, see how to know if your dog is a THR candidate.

Frequently asked questions

My dog has hip dysplasia but doesn't seem to be in pain. Do they need surgery?

Not necessarily. Many dogs with hip dysplasia compensate well and show minimal pain, particularly in early disease. Conservative management, weight control, and monitoring are appropriate first steps. Surgery is indicated when pain is not controlled or mobility is meaningfully impaired, not simply because the diagnosis exists.

How old does a dog need to be for hip replacement surgery?

THR requires skeletal maturity, typically achieved at 9 to 12 months in most breeds and later in giant breeds. FHO can be performed at any age. DPO/TPO is only appropriate before 10 months of age in puppies with hip laxity and minimal arthritis.

Can hip dysplasia go away without surgery?

The underlying anatomic abnormality doesn't resolve. But many dogs with hip dysplasia maintain a good quality of life on conservative management for years, particularly those who remain lean and receive appropriate physiotherapy. "Going away" isn't the goal; managing symptoms within the joint's limits is.

Hip dysplasia doesn't come with a single right answer. The best path depends on your dog's size, age, severity of symptoms, response to conservative care, and your goals for their function and quality of life. The conversation with your vet and the X-ray findings together tell you more than either alone. Start early, monitor consistently, and make the surgical decision based on how your dog is actually living rather than the diagnosis on paper.

Resources

• PetMD. FHO Surgery in Dogs and Cats. petmd.com
• Ask A Vet. Vet-Approved 2025 Guide: Hip Dysplasia Surgery in Dogs. askavet.com
• Simon Vet Surgical. Hip Dysplasia Surgery in Dogs. simonvetsurgical.com

A broken bone in a dog needs one of three things: rest and confinement, external coaptation (splint or cast), or surgical repair. The decision depends on the bone affected, the fracture pattern, the dog's size and age, and the available equipment.

Getting this decision right the first time matters. Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics: "Attempting to use a splint or cast for several weeks with the hope of the fracture healing and doing surgery later is not advised. Chronic non-healing fractures are far more difficult to realign, are more costly, and have a lower likelihood of healing."

Quick answer: External coaptation suits minimally displaced fractures below the elbow or stifle in large adult dogs. Comminuted, articular, open, and upper-limb fractures require surgery. Small and toy breed distal radius fractures almost always need surgical repair.

Key takeaways

• Splints only work for fractures below the elbow or stifle: humeral and femoral fractures cannot be adequately immobilized externally
• Comminuted and articular fractures always require surgery: they are too unstable for external coaptation to maintain alignment
• Open fractures require emergency treatment within 8 hours: irrigation, debridement, and temporary stabilization precede definitive fixation
• 83% of distal radius/ulna fractures in small and toy breeds managed with external coaptation result in malalignment or nonunion
• Growth plate fractures should be surgically repaired within 24 to 48 hours of injury to minimize long-term joint damage
• Consult a board-certified surgeon for complex fractures including spinal, articular, and small-breed distal radial/ulnar

The three management options

1. Cage rest alone: reserved for very young dogs (puppies) with minimally displaced, inherently stable fractures for example, some rib fractures and stable pelvic fractures where the dog's own muscle mass provides sufficient immobilization.

2. External coaptation (splint or cast): for fractures below the elbow or stifle, minimally displaced, in stable large-breed adult dogs. Today's Veterinary Practice: "Ideal fractures for primary fixation using external coaptation include incomplete diaphyseal tibial fractures in young dogs, sometimes referred to as 'greenstick fractures.'"

3. Surgical repair: for the majority of fractures in adult dogs, all fractures in small and toy breeds, all comminuted and articular fractures, all open fractures, and all fractures above the elbow or stifle.

When external coaptation is appropriate

External coaptation requires that the joints above and below the fracture can both be immobilized. This is only achievable for fractures distal to (below) the elbow and stifle.

Clinical Brief: "External coaptation may be successful in fractures below the elbow or stifle, where the joints above and below the fracture can be fully immobilized."

Fractures that may be managed with splinting:

• Greenstick (incomplete) tibial fractures in young large-breed dogs
• Minimally displaced distal radius fractures in large-breed adult dogs
• Some metacarpal and metatarsal fractures
• Toe fractures

How splints are applied: Today's Veterinary Practice: "The splint should span the joint above and below the fracture, and be padded enough to prevent pressure sores and prevent movement of the limb." After placement, a radiograph confirms alignment.

Complications of splinting: ACVS: "Bandages and splints can cause very serious complications. They can be an effective treatment tool for fracture healing and pain control, but careful monitoring and appropriate follow-up must occur." Pressure sores, bandage slippage, and limb swelling are the most common complications; daily monitoring is essential.

When surgical repair is required

Fractures above the elbow or stifle

Animal Medical Center: "It is easy to temporarily immobilize bones below the elbow and knee, while the upper arm and thigh are more challenging to manage because the shoulder and hip are difficult to splint."

Today's Veterinary Practice: "Temporary stabilization of humeral and femoral fractures should not be attempted. In these cases, hospitalization with confinement to a crate along with analgesic relief is ideal while awaiting definitive fixation."

SustainableVet: "Trying to splint these upper limb fractures often leads to pain, delayed healing, and poor limb function. Immediate referral for surgical repair is recommended."

Comminuted fractures

A comminuted fracture means the bone is broken into multiple pieces. These are mechanically unstable fragments shift with any weight bearing. SustainableVet: "These are very unstable and cannot be held in place by a splint alone. The pieces move easily, and the risk of poor healing is high. In these cases, surgical fixation is needed to realign and stabilize the fragments."

Articular fractures (fractures entering a joint)

Any fracture that enters a joint surface requires anatomical reduction the fracture fragments must be restored to near-perfect anatomical position and rigid fixation to prevent joint surface step-off and subsequent arthritis. Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics: "Any growth plate fracture or joint fracture should be treated as quickly as possible within about 24 to 48 hours after injury."

Open (compound) fractures

Animal Medical Center: "Open fractures often require an initial surgery to clean the wound and bone within 8 hours of the injury." The management sequence is:

1. Immediate wound irrigation and debridement under anesthesia
2. Temporary stabilization (bandage)
3. Systemic antibiotics
4. Definitive fracture repair after soft tissue stabilization

Do not attempt definitive fixation of a contaminated open fracture at the initial presentation; this dramatically increases infection risk.

Small and toy breed radius and ulna fractures

Today's Veterinary Practice: "In small and toy breed dogs, 83% of distal radius and ulna fractures addressed with external coaptation alone result in malalignment or nonunion. Therefore, internal fixation is recommended for these fractures in small and toy breed dogs."

SustainableVet: "Toy breeds like Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, and Yorkies are at high risk of nonunion. Their small bones have less blood supply, which slows healing. Even simple fractures may not heal with splints alone."

Spinal fractures and luxations

Spinal fractures with cord involvement are neurosurgical emergencies requiring immediate specialist referral for stabilization and decompression. Clinical Brief: "For complex fractures including spinal, consider consultation with a boarded veterinary surgeon or referral to a specialty practice."

Surgical options for fracture repair

Vets4Pets provides a useful overview: "Two types of surgical fracture repair are normally used in pets. Internal fixation involves placing surgical screws, pins, or metal plates under the skin around the fracture site to stabilize the bone. External fixation involves attaching surgical scaffolding to the bone through small holes in the skin."

Specific implant systems used:

• Intramedullary (IM) pins: inserted down the bone canal; suitable for some long-bone fractures
• Bone plates and screws: the most common implant system; provides rigid fixation; locking plate systems are particularly stable
• External skeletal fixators (ESF): transcutaneous pins connected by an external frame; useful for open fractures, infected fractures, and certain metaphyseal fractures
• Interlocking nails: for femoral and tibial shaft fractures

Timing matters

Animal Medical Center: "You should treat a closed fracture within 2 to 4 days. Timely veterinary fracture repair can prevent complications like bone misalignment or long-term mobility issues."

Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics: "Chronic non-healing fractures are far more difficult to realign, are more costly, and have a lower likelihood of healing."

Delaying evaluation hoping the dog will be "better tomorrow" consistently leads to worse outcomes. Fractures should be radiographed and assessed by a veterinarian on the day they are suspected.

For recovery care after fracture surgery, see orthopedic surgery home care guide. For the referral decision framework across orthopedic conditions, see when to refer orthopedic cases. For the full specialist referral process, see what is veterinary referral surgery.

Frequently asked questions

My dog is walking on the leg a little. Does that mean it is not broken?

No. Weight bearing on a fractured limb is common many dogs do not display obvious non-weight-bearing lameness with incomplete or minimally displaced fractures. Any dog with pain, swelling, or abnormal limb conformation after trauma needs radiographs.

How do I transport a dog with a suspected broken leg to the vet?

Keep the dog calm and restrict movement. Do not splint at home; improper application can worsen the fracture. Carry small dogs; use a rigid surface for large dogs. Call ahead so the clinic can prepare.

Will my dog's fracture heal faster with rest than surgery?

For fractures that require surgery, no. Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics: "Surgery ensures optimal alignment and stabilization for less pain and faster healing." Splinting a fracture that needs surgery delays appropriate treatment and often results in malunion or nonunion.

What is a growth plate fracture and why is it urgent?

Growth plates are bone formation zones at long bone ends in immature dogs. Fractures disrupt blood supply to growth cells. Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics: "Growth plate fractures should be treated within 24 to 48 hours." Delay risks permanent deformity.

Can a dog live with an untreated fracture?

Some dogs survive without repair, particularly with stable pelvic fractures. However, untreated fractures often result in malunion, nonunion, chronic pain, and permanent functional loss. Any decision against surgery should be fully informed.

How often does a splint need to be checked when my dog is wearing one?

ACVS: splints require careful monitoring and appropriate follow-up. Checks every 3 to 5 days are standard initially. Watch for swelling above or below the splint, foul odor, cold or pale toes, or the dog chewing the bandage.

Resources

• SustainableVet. Fracture Management in Dogs: When to Splint or Refer? sustainablevet.org
• Today's Veterinary Practice. Definitive Treatment of Limb Fractures With Splints or Casts. todaysveterinarypractice.com
• ACVS. Fractured Limbs. acvs.org
• Clinical Brief. Fracture Management. cliniciansbrief.com
• Fusion Veterinary Orthopedics. Minimally Invasive or Open Fracture Repair. fusionvetortho.com

Referral to a veterinary orthopedic specialist is a significant step for an owner.

Most have never been to a specialist centre before and may feel anxious about cost, the possibility of surgery, and how long the process will take.

Setting clear expectations before the referral significantly improves the owner experience and reduces the volume of calls to the referring practice.

Quick answer: The specialist consultation includes a detailed orthopedic examination, review of prior imaging, and treatment discussion with cost estimates. It takes 60 to 90 minutes. Surgery is scheduled separately after diagnosis is confirmed. Bring all prior radiographs, blood work, and a medication list.

Key takeaways

• The consultation is for assessment, not surgery: diagnosis and treatment discussion occur at the consultation; surgery is scheduled separately
• Consultations typically last 60 to 90 minutes: more time may be needed if imaging or sedation is required
• Bring all prior imaging and records: radiographs, blood work, and referral notes save time and prevent duplicate testing costs
• A board-certified surgeon examines the pet in the owner's presence and provides a treatment plan and cost estimate
• Surgery is usually schedulable within days to weeks of the consultation once a diagnosis is confirmed (max 17 words ok)
• No immediate decision is required: there is no pressure to commit to a treatment plan at the consultation

Before the appointment

What to bring

Bring all pertinent information, including a referral form completed by your veterinarian, x-rays, blood test results, special dietary needs, and a list of current medications. Information provided by your veterinarian before your appointment saves time and prevents you from having to pay for testing a second time.

Checklist for the specialist appointment:

• Referral letter or form from the primary veterinarian
• All prior radiographs (digital files or films)
• Any CT or MRI imaging
• Pre-surgical blood work results if recent
• Full medication list with doses
• A written summary of the history: when the lameness started, what makes it better or worse, any previous treatment

Fasting

It is ideal if you do not feed your pet the morning of your appointment in the event that we recommend sedated procedures. However, please do offer your pet water at all times.

Not all specialists request pre-appointment fasting, but it is wise to offer water but withhold food on the morning of the visit, unless the pet is on medication that requires food.

Confirm with the specialist centre when booking.

Arriving

Please arrive 15 minutes before your scheduled appointment to complete any registration documents so we can create the patient's medical record.

What happens at the consultation

Check-in and triage

A veterinary technician will check in the patient, obtain weight and vital signs, and review the history and medication list before the specialist sees the animal.

The orthopedic examination

A board-certified veterinary specialist will examine your pet in your presence. The surgeon provides a detailed assessment of your pet's medical condition, treatment options, recommendations, and an estimated cost of care.

The orthopedic examination at a specialist centre is more detailed and systematic than a primary care exam. It typically includes:

• Gait assessment: observing the animal walk and trot in the corridor
• Standing assessment: weight distribution, limb alignment, muscle symmetry
• Joint palpation: each joint assessed for pain, effusion, crepitus, and range of motion
• Specific orthopedic tests: cranial drawer test, tibial compression test, Ortolani sign, Barlow test depending on the suspected condition

The initial consultation usually lasts about 30 minutes, but additional time may be needed if X-rays or other diagnostic tests are required to aid in our decision-making or surgical planning.

Additional diagnostics at the visit

If the diagnosis requires it, additional imaging or procedures may be performed at the consultation visit:

• Radiographs: taken under sedation for precise positioning
• CT scan: most useful for elbow dysplasia, spinal conditions, and complex fractures
• Ultrasound: for soft tissue and tendon assessment

If further examination, radiographs, or other procedures are required, the pet will be admitted to the hospital for a few hours. The clinicians will then suggest a time for the owner to return to discuss the results and the proposed treatment plan.

Treatment discussion and cost estimate

Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the specialist discusses:

• The diagnosis and its significance
• All available treatment options, including surgical and non-surgical
• Expected outcomes and prognosis for each option
• A detailed cost estimate for the recommended approach
• The surgical timeline if surgery is indicated

There is no pressure to make an immediate decision; it is better to think and weigh up the options than feel rushed into a decision.

Scheduling surgery

Once any diagnostic test results have come back from our lab, a surgery appointment can be scheduled. The consultation appointment will be dedicated to testing and examination to determine the nature of your pet's health problem.

In most cases, surgery can be scheduled within days to a couple of weeks after your consultation.

Surgery is not performed on the day of consultation unless it is an emergency. The owner goes home, considers the options, and contacts the specialist centre to book surgery when ready.

What the specialist will communicate back to the referring vet

At discharge from the hospital, both you and your referring veterinarian will receive a copy of the discharge instructions and referral letter.

A good specialist referral includes prompt communication back to the referring practice: a written consultation summary outlining the diagnosis, treatment plan, and surgical findings.

This keeps the referring vet informed and supports continuity of care.

For the GP's role in managing the patient after specialist surgery, see post-surgical follow-up: what referring veterinarians need to know.

For the imaging preparation that helps the referral, see imaging and diagnostics before referral: what's essential and when.

For communication between GP and specialist, see how to optimize communication between general practitioners and orthopedic surgeons.

Frequently asked questions

Will my dog have surgery on the day of the consultation?

No, in almost all cases. The consultation is for assessment and diagnosis.

Surgery is scheduled as a separate appointment once the diagnosis is confirmed and the owner has had time to consider the options and cost estimate.

How long will the appointment take?

Consultations take approximately 60 to 90 minutes. Please carefully plan your schedule and time requirements.

If additional sedated imaging is needed, the pet may need to stay at the hospital for several hours. The owner is typically contacted when the pet is ready for collection.

Can I get a second opinion from a specialist?

Yes. Second opinion consultations are welcome at any stage. There is no obligation to proceed with treatment.

The goal is to give you the information you need to feel confident in whatever decision you make for your pet.

What if surgery is not the right option?

Not all orthopedic conditions require surgery. The specialist will present all options including conservative management, physical rehabilitation, pain management, and monitoring.

Surgery is recommended only when it offers meaningful benefit over non-surgical approaches.

My dog is old. Will the specialist still consider surgery?

Age alone is not a contraindication to orthopedic surgery. Pre-surgical blood work assesses organ function and anesthetic fitness. Many older dogs have successful orthopedic procedures.

The decision is based on overall health status, the specific condition, and expected quality-of-life improvement.

Resources

• Arizona Canine Orthopedics. Consultations and Follow-Up Appointments. asgscottsdale.com
• CORE Veterinary Surgical Clinic. Orthopedic Exam. coreveterinarysurgery.com
• CSU Veterinary Health System. Orthopedic Surgery. csuveterinaryhealth.org
• NC State Veterinary Hospital. Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery. hospital.cvm.ncsu.edu
• AVS Referrals. Services and Prices. avsreferrals.co.uk