Bruising after TPLO surgery in dogs is a common concern for many pet owners. TPLO, or Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, is a surgical procedure to stabilize a dog's knee after a cruciate ligament injury. After surgery, owners often notice bruising around the incision site or leg, which can be alarming.

This article explains why bruising happens after TPLO surgery, how to care for your dog during recovery, and when to contact your veterinarian. Understanding bruising helps you support your dog's healing process effectively.

Why Does Bruising Occur After TPLO Surgery in Dogs?

Bruising happens when blood vessels under the skin break and leak blood into surrounding tissues. After TPLO surgery, bruising is usually due to the trauma of surgery and tissue manipulation. The surgical area may show discoloration as part of normal healing.

It is important to recognize that some bruising is expected, but excessive or worsening bruising may indicate complications. Knowing the causes helps you monitor your dog’s recovery closely.

• Surgical trauma: The cutting and repositioning of bone and soft tissue during TPLO can cause small blood vessels to rupture, leading to bruising around the surgical site.
• Inflammation response: The body’s natural healing process causes inflammation, which can increase blood flow and cause visible bruising and swelling near the incision.
• Blood thinning medications: If your dog is on medications like aspirin or NSAIDs, these can increase bruising risk by affecting clotting mechanisms.
• Movement after surgery: Excessive activity or pressure on the leg soon after surgery can worsen bruising by disrupting healing tissues and blood vessels.

Understanding these causes helps you differentiate normal bruising from signs of complications that need veterinary attention.

What Does Normal Bruising Look Like After TPLO Surgery?

Normal bruising after TPLO surgery usually appears as a purple, blue, or reddish discoloration around the incision or leg. It often develops within 24 to 48 hours post-surgery and gradually fades over 1 to 2 weeks.

Knowing the typical appearance and timeline of bruising helps you track your dog’s healing and identify abnormal changes early.

• Color changes: Bruises typically start dark purple or blue, then change to green, yellow, and finally fade as healing progresses over days to weeks.
• Size and spread: Normal bruising is usually localized near the incision and does not spread extensively to other parts of the leg or body.
• Swelling presence: Mild swelling often accompanies bruising but should not cause severe discomfort or limb deformity.
• Pain level: Some tenderness is expected, but your dog should not show signs of severe pain or limping beyond normal post-surgical recovery.

Monitoring these signs helps ensure bruising is part of normal healing and not a sign of infection or bleeding complications.

How Should You Care for Bruising After TPLO Surgery?

Proper care reduces bruising severity and supports healing after TPLO surgery. Following your veterinarian’s instructions and providing gentle care helps your dog recover comfortably and safely.

Simple steps at home can minimize bruising and swelling while preventing complications.

• Rest and restricted activity: Limit your dog’s movement to prevent pressure on the surgical site and avoid worsening bruising or swelling.
• Cold compress application: Applying a cold pack wrapped in cloth for 10–15 minutes several times daily during the first 48 hours can reduce swelling and bruising.
• Proper bandage care: Keep any surgical bandages clean and dry, and follow your vet’s instructions on changing or removing them to avoid irritation.
• Medication adherence: Administer all prescribed painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs exactly as directed to control pain and reduce inflammation.

Consistent care helps your dog heal faster and reduces the risk of bruising-related complications.

When Should You Be Concerned About Bruising After TPLO Surgery?

While bruising is normal, certain signs indicate that your dog may need urgent veterinary evaluation. Recognizing these warning signs early can prevent serious complications.

If you notice any of the following, contact your veterinarian promptly for advice or examination.

• Rapidly expanding bruises: Bruising that spreads quickly or becomes very large may signal active bleeding or hematoma formation requiring medical attention.
• Excessive swelling and heat: Swelling that worsens with warmth and redness around the incision could indicate infection or inflammation needing treatment.
• Severe pain or lameness: If your dog shows intense pain, refuses to bear weight, or has a limp worsening over time, this may suggest complications.
• Discharge or foul odor: Any pus, bleeding, or bad smell from the surgical site is a sign of infection and requires immediate veterinary care.

Early detection of problems helps ensure timely treatment and better recovery outcomes.

Can Bruising Affect Your Dog’s Recovery After TPLO Surgery?

Bruising itself usually does not affect the overall success of TPLO surgery if it is mild and managed properly. However, severe bruising or related complications can delay healing and cause discomfort.

Understanding the impact of bruising helps you provide better care and communicate effectively with your veterinarian during recovery.

• Minor bruising benefits: Mild bruising is a normal sign of healing and usually resolves without affecting joint stability or function.
• Severe bruising risks: Large bruises or hematomas can increase pain, limit mobility, and sometimes require drainage or additional treatment.
• Infection risk: Bruised tissue is more vulnerable to infection, so keeping the area clean and monitoring closely is essential.
• Physical therapy considerations: Bruising may limit early physical therapy, so adjusting rehabilitation plans based on your dog’s condition is important.

Working closely with your vet ensures bruising does not interfere with your dog’s full recovery and return to normal activity.

How Can You Prevent Bruising After TPLO Surgery in Dogs?

While some bruising is unavoidable due to surgery, certain steps can reduce its severity and support smooth healing. Prevention focuses on careful handling and following veterinary guidance.

Taking precautions before and after surgery helps protect your dog’s tissues and blood vessels from excessive damage.

• Pre-surgery health check: Ensuring your dog is healthy and not on blood-thinning medications before surgery reduces bruising risk.
• Gentle post-op handling: Avoid rough play, jumping, or excessive pressure on the leg during recovery to prevent new bruises.
• Follow medication instructions: Use prescribed drugs properly and avoid over-the-counter medications without vet approval to prevent clotting issues.
• Regular veterinary follow-up: Attend all scheduled check-ups so your vet can monitor healing and address bruising or other concerns early.

Prevention and careful management promote a safer, faster recovery with minimal bruising complications.

Conclusion

Bruising after TPLO surgery in dogs is a common and usually normal part of the healing process. It results from surgical trauma and inflammation, appearing as discoloration near the incision site. Mild bruising typically resolves within two weeks without affecting recovery.

Proper care, including rest, cold compresses, and medication adherence, helps reduce bruising and supports healing. However, owners should watch for signs of excessive bruising, swelling, pain, or infection and contact their veterinarian promptly if these occur. Understanding bruising after TPLO surgery allows you to care for your dog confidently and ensure a smooth recovery.

FAQs

Is bruising after TPLO surgery normal for all dogs?

Yes, mild bruising is common after TPLO surgery due to tissue trauma and inflammation. However, the amount varies by individual and surgical factors.

How long does bruising last after TPLO surgery?

Bruising usually appears within 1–2 days after surgery and fades over 1 to 2 weeks as the tissues heal naturally.

Can I use cold packs on my dog’s bruising after surgery?

Yes, applying cold compresses wrapped in cloth for 10–15 minutes several times daily during the first 48 hours helps reduce swelling and bruising.

When should I call the vet about bruising after TPLO?

Contact your vet if bruising spreads rapidly, swelling worsens, pain is severe, or if there is discharge or foul odor from the incision.

Does bruising affect my dog’s ability to walk after TPLO surgery?

Mild bruising usually does not affect walking, but severe bruising or pain may cause limping and require veterinary evaluation.

Seroma formation is a common concern in dogs after TPLO surgery, which is a procedure to repair a torn cranial cruciate ligament. A seroma is a pocket of clear fluid that collects under the skin near the surgical site. This can cause swelling and discomfort for your dog after surgery.

Understanding what causes seromas, how to recognize them, and the best ways to manage and prevent them can help you support your dog’s recovery. This article explains seromas in detail and offers practical advice for pet owners.

What is a seroma after TPLO surgery in dogs?

A seroma is a fluid-filled swelling that develops under the skin near the surgical wound after TPLO surgery. It is not an infection but a collection of serum, the clear part of blood, that leaks from damaged blood vessels during surgery.

Seromas can vary in size and may feel soft or squishy. They usually appear within a few days after surgery and can last for several weeks if untreated.

• Fluid accumulation: Seromas form when serum collects in tissue spaces created by surgery, causing visible swelling near the incision site.
• Non-infectious nature: Unlike abscesses, seromas do not contain pus or bacteria, so they are not caused by infection.
• Common after TPLO: Because TPLO surgery involves cutting bone and soft tissue, seromas are a frequent postoperative complication.
• Self-limiting condition: Many seromas resolve on their own without treatment as the body reabsorbs the fluid.

Recognizing a seroma early helps differentiate it from infection or other complications. Your vet will examine the swelling and may use ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis.

Why do seromas form after TPLO surgery in dogs?

Seromas form due to the body’s response to tissue trauma during surgery. TPLO surgery involves cutting and moving bone and soft tissues, which can damage small blood vessels and lymphatics.

This damage allows serum to leak into the space under the skin, where it pools and creates a seroma. Several factors can increase the risk of seroma formation after TPLO surgery.

• Tissue disruption: Extensive cutting and manipulation of tissues during TPLO increase the chance of fluid leakage and seroma development.
• Dead space creation: Surgery can leave empty spaces under the skin where fluid can collect and form a seroma.
• Movement and activity: Early or excessive movement after surgery can worsen fluid accumulation by preventing proper healing.
• Inflammatory response: The body’s natural inflammation after surgery increases blood vessel permeability, promoting serum leakage.

Understanding these causes helps veterinarians take steps during and after surgery to reduce seroma risk.

What are the signs of seroma in dogs after TPLO surgery?

Detecting a seroma early can improve your dog’s comfort and prevent complications. Seromas usually appear as soft, swollen lumps near the surgical site.

Knowing what to look for helps you report concerns to your vet promptly for proper care.

• Visible swelling: A soft, raised lump near the incision that may increase in size over days after surgery.
• Squishy texture: The swelling feels fluid-filled and compressible rather than hard or painful.
• Minimal pain: Seromas often cause little to no pain, unlike infections which are usually tender.
• Clear or pale skin: The skin over the seroma looks normal without redness or heat, distinguishing it from infection.

If you notice swelling with redness, warmth, or discharge, contact your vet immediately as these signs suggest infection rather than a simple seroma.

How is seroma diagnosed after TPLO surgery?

Veterinarians diagnose seromas by physical examination and sometimes imaging. The goal is to confirm fluid accumulation and rule out infection or other complications.

Proper diagnosis ensures the right treatment and avoids unnecessary interventions.

• Physical exam: The vet will palpate the swelling to assess size, texture, and tenderness, helping differentiate seroma from abscess.
• Needle aspiration: Drawing fluid with a sterile needle can confirm the presence of clear serum typical of seromas.
• Ultrasound imaging: Ultrasound helps visualize fluid pockets under the skin and assess their extent.
• Laboratory tests: Fluid analysis checks for infection by looking for bacteria or inflammatory cells.

Early diagnosis allows for monitoring or treatment before the seroma worsens or becomes infected.

What treatment options exist for seroma in dogs after TPLO surgery?

Most seromas resolve without aggressive treatment, but some require intervention to prevent discomfort or infection. Treatment depends on the seroma size and symptoms.

Your vet will tailor care to your dog’s needs and monitor healing closely.

• Observation and rest: Small seromas often improve with rest and limited activity, allowing the body to reabsorb fluid naturally.
• Cold compresses: Applying cold packs can reduce swelling and inflammation during the first few days after surgery.
• Needle drainage: Large or persistent seromas may need fluid removal by sterile needle aspiration to relieve pressure.
• Compression bandaging: Gentle bandages can help prevent fluid accumulation and support tissue healing.

In rare cases, if a seroma becomes infected or does not resolve, surgical drainage or antibiotics may be necessary.

How can seroma formation be prevented after TPLO surgery in dogs?

Preventing seromas involves surgical technique and postoperative care. Your vet will use strategies to minimize tissue trauma and fluid buildup during and after TPLO surgery.

As a pet owner, you play a key role in helping your dog heal without complications.

• Meticulous surgery: Surgeons minimize tissue damage and close dead spaces carefully to reduce fluid leakage.
• Drain placement: Sometimes, drains are placed during surgery to remove excess fluid and prevent seroma formation.
• Restricted activity: Limiting your dog’s movement after surgery helps prevent fluid accumulation and promotes healing.
• Proper wound care: Keeping the incision clean and dry reduces inflammation and risk of complications.

Following your vet’s instructions closely after TPLO surgery is essential to reduce seroma risk and support recovery.

What complications can arise from untreated seromas after TPLO surgery?

If seromas are left untreated or become large, they can cause problems that affect your dog’s comfort and healing. Recognizing these risks helps you seek timely veterinary care.

Some seromas may become infected or delay wound healing, requiring more intensive treatment.

• Infection risk: Fluid pockets can become infected, turning into abscesses that need antibiotics or surgery.
• Delayed healing: Large seromas put pressure on the incision, slowing tissue repair and increasing scar tissue.
• Discomfort and pain: Persistent swelling can cause pain or limit your dog’s mobility during recovery.
• Wound breakdown: Excess fluid may cause the surgical wound to open, requiring additional veterinary intervention.

Early detection and treatment of seromas help avoid these complications and ensure a smoother recovery for your dog.

Conclusion

Seromas are a common but manageable complication after TPLO surgery in dogs. They form when clear fluid collects under the skin near the surgical site, causing swelling but usually not pain or infection.

Understanding what a seroma is, why it happens, and how to spot it helps you support your dog’s healing. Most seromas resolve with rest and simple care, but some need veterinary treatment to prevent complications. Following your vet’s advice on surgery and postoperative care is key to reducing seroma risk and ensuring your dog recovers comfortably.

What should I do if I notice swelling after my dog’s TPLO surgery?

If you see swelling near the incision, monitor it closely. Contact your vet promptly if the swelling grows, becomes painful, or shows redness or discharge to rule out infection or seroma complications.

Can seromas cause long-term problems for my dog?

Most seromas heal without lasting issues. However, untreated or infected seromas can delay healing and cause discomfort, so early veterinary care is important to prevent long-term problems.

Is it safe to drain a seroma at home?

Do not attempt to drain a seroma yourself. Needle aspiration must be done by a veterinarian under sterile conditions to avoid infection and complications.

How long does it take for a seroma to heal after TPLO surgery?

Small seromas often resolve within 1 to 3 weeks as the body absorbs the fluid. Larger seromas may take longer and sometimes require veterinary treatment.

Can physical therapy help prevent seromas after TPLO surgery?

Physical therapy helps recovery but should be started gradually and under veterinary guidance. Early or excessive activity can increase seroma risk, so follow your vet’s activity recommendations carefully.

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) is a common surgical procedure to treat cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs. Proper anesthesia management is crucial to ensure the safety and comfort of your dog during this surgery. Understanding the TPLO anesthesia protocol helps pet owners know what to expect before, during, and after the procedure.

This article explains the anesthesia steps used in TPLO surgery, including pre-anesthetic preparation, drug choices, monitoring during surgery, and recovery care. You will learn how veterinarians keep your dog safe and pain-free throughout the process.

What is the TPLO anesthesia protocol in dogs?

The TPLO anesthesia protocol is a set of guidelines veterinarians follow to safely sedate and anesthetize dogs undergoing TPLO surgery. It includes pre-anesthetic assessment, drug selection, intraoperative monitoring, and post-operative pain control.

This protocol aims to minimize risks and ensure smooth anesthesia tailored to each dog's health status and surgical needs.

• Pre-anesthetic evaluation: A thorough physical exam and blood tests help assess your dog's health and identify any anesthesia risks before surgery.
• Premedication drugs: Sedatives and analgesics are given to calm your dog and reduce pain before anesthesia induction.
• Anesthetic induction: Injectable drugs are used to quickly and safely induce unconsciousness for intubation.
• Maintenance anesthesia: Inhalant anesthetics keep your dog unconscious and pain-free during surgery, with continuous monitoring.
• Intraoperative monitoring: Vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and temperature are closely watched to detect any problems early.
• Post-operative analgesia: Pain relief medications are administered to ensure comfort during recovery.

Following this protocol helps reduce anesthesia complications and supports a successful TPLO surgery outcome.

What pre-anesthetic preparations are needed for TPLO surgery?

Before TPLO surgery, your dog needs careful preparation to ensure anesthesia safety. This includes health checks and fasting instructions.

Proper preparation reduces anesthesia risks and helps the veterinary team plan the best anesthesia approach.

• Physical examination: A complete exam checks your dog's heart, lungs, and overall condition to detect any issues that may affect anesthesia.
• Blood work: Tests evaluate organ function and detect hidden diseases that could increase anesthesia risks.
• Fasting guidelines: Dogs should fast for 8-12 hours before anesthesia to prevent vomiting and aspiration during surgery.
• Hydration status: Ensuring your dog is well-hydrated helps maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion during anesthesia.

Following these steps prepares your dog’s body for anesthesia and surgery, improving safety and recovery.

Which drugs are commonly used in TPLO anesthesia protocols?

Veterinarians select drugs based on your dog's health, size, and surgical needs. The protocol usually involves several drug classes for sedation, induction, maintenance, and pain control.

Each drug plays a specific role to ensure your dog remains calm, unconscious, and pain-free throughout the procedure.

• Premedication agents: Drugs like acepromazine or dexmedetomidine calm your dog and provide mild pain relief before anesthesia induction.
• Opioids: Medications such as morphine or methadone offer strong pain relief and sedation during premedication and post-op phases.
• Induction agents: Propofol or alfaxalone are commonly used to induce anesthesia quickly and smoothly for intubation.
• Maintenance anesthetics: Isoflurane or sevoflurane gases keep your dog unconscious and pain-free during surgery with easy control over anesthesia depth.

Using a combination of these drugs ensures balanced anesthesia with minimal side effects and good pain management.

How is anesthesia monitored during TPLO surgery in dogs?

Continuous monitoring during TPLO surgery is vital to detect any anesthesia complications early. The veterinary team uses specialized equipment and clinical signs to track your dog's status.

Monitoring helps adjust anesthesia depth and supports your dog’s vital functions throughout the operation.

• Heart rate and rhythm: Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors detect abnormal heartbeats or arrhythmias during anesthesia.
• Blood pressure: Non-invasive or invasive methods measure blood pressure to ensure adequate organ perfusion.
• Oxygen saturation: Pulse oximetry tracks oxygen levels in the blood, preventing hypoxia.
• Respiratory rate and CO2: Capnography measures breathing rate and carbon dioxide levels to assess ventilation quality.

These monitoring tools allow the anesthetist to respond quickly to any changes and maintain stable anesthesia.

What pain management strategies are used after TPLO surgery?

Effective pain control after TPLO surgery is essential for your dog's comfort and faster recovery. Veterinarians use a multimodal approach combining different medications and techniques.

Managing pain well reduces stress, improves mobility, and helps prevent complications.

• Opioid analgesics: Drugs like buprenorphine or fentanyl patches provide strong pain relief during the immediate post-op period.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medications such as carprofen reduce inflammation and pain after surgery.
• Local anesthetics: Nerve blocks or local infiltration with lidocaine or bupivacaine numb the surgical area for targeted pain relief.
• Physical therapy: Controlled exercises and cold therapy help reduce pain and swelling during recovery.

Combining these methods ensures your dog remains comfortable and heals well after TPLO surgery.

What are the risks and complications of anesthesia in TPLO surgery?

While anesthesia is generally safe, it carries some risks, especially in older or sick dogs. Knowing potential complications helps you prepare and recognize warning signs.

Veterinarians minimize risks by thorough evaluation, monitoring, and careful drug selection.

• Cardiovascular issues: Anesthesia can cause low blood pressure or arrhythmias, which require prompt treatment to avoid organ damage.
• Respiratory problems: Breathing difficulties or low oxygen levels may occur, needing oxygen support or ventilation.
• Hypothermia: Body temperature can drop during surgery, so warming devices are used to maintain normal temperature.
• Delayed recovery: Some dogs may take longer to wake up or show signs of pain, requiring additional monitoring and care.

Understanding these risks helps you work with your vet to ensure the safest anesthesia experience for your dog.

How should dogs be cared for after TPLO anesthesia?

Post-anesthesia care is critical to help your dog recover smoothly from TPLO surgery. This includes monitoring, pain management, and gradual return to activity.

Proper care after anesthesia reduces complications and supports healing.

• Close monitoring: Watch for breathing, heart rate, and responsiveness as your dog wakes from anesthesia.
• Pain assessment: Regularly check for signs of pain and give prescribed analgesics as directed by your vet.
• Hydration and nutrition: Offer water and small meals once fully awake to prevent dehydration and support recovery.
• Restricted activity: Limit running and jumping to protect the surgical site until cleared by your veterinarian.

Following these care steps helps your dog regain strength and return to normal activities safely after TPLO surgery.

Conclusion

The TPLO anesthesia protocol in dogs is a carefully designed process to ensure safe sedation, pain control, and monitoring during this important orthopedic surgery. Understanding the steps involved can ease your concerns and help you prepare your dog for surgery.

From pre-anesthetic evaluation to post-operative care, each phase plays a vital role in minimizing risks and promoting a smooth recovery. Working closely with your veterinary team ensures the best outcome for your dog’s TPLO procedure and overall health.

FAQs

How long does anesthesia last during TPLO surgery?

Anesthesia typically lasts 1 to 2 hours during TPLO surgery, depending on the procedure length and your dog's response to anesthetic drugs.

Is TPLO anesthesia safe for older dogs?

Yes, with proper pre-anesthetic evaluation and monitoring, anesthesia can be safely managed in older dogs undergoing TPLO surgery.

What signs indicate pain after TPLO surgery?

Signs include whining, limping, reluctance to move, panting, and restlessness. Report these to your vet for pain management adjustments.

Can dogs eat before TPLO surgery?

No, dogs should fast for 8-12 hours before anesthesia to reduce the risk of vomiting and aspiration during surgery.

How soon can dogs walk after TPLO surgery?

Most dogs begin gentle walking within a few days post-surgery, but strict activity restriction is essential for 6-8 weeks to allow healing.

TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy) is a common surgery used to treat cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries in dogs. It involves cutting and repositioning the tibia to stabilize the knee joint, reducing the need for the damaged ligament. Although TPLO has a high success rate, complications can still occur even with proper surgical technique.

Complications can arise due to factors like a dog's age, weight, overall health, and how well post-operative care guidelines are followed. Older or overweight dogs are at higher risk for delayed healing and implant failure because of increased strain on the joint. Inadequate rest, early activity, or infections can also cause setbacks.

Even with precise bone healing, some dogs may experience swelling, lameness, or implant-related issues. Being aware of these risks helps ensure timely intervention and optimal recovery. Proper monitoring, limited activity, and follow-up evaluations are crucial in reducing post-surgical complications.

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TL;DR: Possible Complications After TPLO Surgery

• Immediate complications: Infection, hemorrhage, implant loosening, excessive swelling, or premature suture removal.
• Mid-term complications: Delayed bone healing, seroma formation, nerve damage, tibial tuberosity fractures.
• Long-term complications: Patellar luxation, arthritis, meniscal injuries, persistent lameness, patellar ligament thickening.
• Severe complications: Osteomyelitis (bone infection), implant failure, chronic pain, or non-union of the bone.

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Immediate Post-Surgical Complications (First Few Days to Weeks After Surgery)

In the initial days after TPLO surgery, dogs are at risk for complications that can slow healing and cause discomfort. Careful monitoring and early intervention are crucial to ensuring a smooth recovery.

1. Infection at the Surgical Site

Infection is one of the most common early complications after TPLO surgery. It can happen if bacteria enter the surgical site, delaying healing and potentially affecting the implant.

Signs of infection include redness, swelling, warmth around the incision, pus-like discharge, an unpleasant odor, and increased pain or tenderness. Some dogs may also develop a fever or show signs of discomfort, such as excessive licking or reluctance to put weight on the affected leg.

Causes of infection include poor hygiene, contamination during or after surgery, excessive licking of the incision, and improper wound care. Dogs that lick or chew at their stitches introduce bacteria, increasing the risk of infection. Environmental factors, like a dirty bedding area, can also lead to bacterial growth.

Treatment options depend on how severe the infection is. Mild cases may be managed with oral antibiotics and regular wound cleaning using an antiseptic solution. More severe infections, especially those affecting deep tissues or the implant, require veterinary care.

This may include culture testing to identify the bacteria and, in rare cases, surgical removal of infected tissue. Preventive measures, such as using an Elizabethan collar (E-collar) and ensuring proper wound care, are essential to reducing the risk of infection.

2. Bone Infection (Osteomyelitis)

Osteomyelitis is a serious bone infection that affects deeper bone tissue and can compromise the TPLO implant. Unlike surface infections, osteomyelitis can cause long-lasting inflammation, bone damage, and implant failure.

Symptoms include ongoing swelling, increased pain, fever, pus draining from the incision, and slow healing. Affected dogs may become tired and unwilling to use the operated leg. In chronic cases, the infection can spread, causing a more widespread illness.

Risk factors include contamination during surgery, bacteria from an infected wound, or infections related to the implant. Dogs with weak immune systems or those in unclean environments after surgery are at higher risk.

Treatment involves strong antibiotic therapy, often based on bacterial culture results. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove infected bone tissue. If the implant is affected, it might need to be removed and replaced once the infection is under control. Early detection and strict hygiene are key to preventing osteomyelitis.

3. Implant Issues (Loosening, Breaking, or Failure)

Implant complications happen when the TPLO plate or screws don't work properly, causing instability in the knee joint. These issues can occur due to too much movement, poor implant placement, or infections that weaken the bone connection.

Signs of implant failure include ongoing limping, pain, swelling around the implant site, and unusual clicking or grinding sounds from the joint. In severe cases, the implant might shift, leading to bone misalignment. Dogs that suddenly become lame after surgery should be checked right away.

Causes include too much activity after surgery, improper bone healing, and mechanical stress on the implant. Infections can also weaken the bone and screws, increasing the chance of failure. Overweight dogs are at higher risk due to more pressure on the joint.

Possible corrective actions depend on how severe the issue is. Minor loosening might be managed with limited activity, while severe cases could need revision surgery to replace or reposition the implant. If there's an infection, the implant may need to be removed, followed by antibiotic treatment before placing a new implant.

4. Premature Suture Removal by the Dog

Dogs often lick or chew their sutures due to discomfort, irritation, or boredom. However, removing stitches too soon can reopen the surgical site, exposing tissues to infection and delaying healing.

Consequences of removing sutures include the wound reopening, a higher risk of infection, and excessive scarring. In severe cases, exposed tissues may dry out or become contaminated, requiring more surgery. If deeper sutures are disturbed, healing can be significantly delayed.

Preventive measures include using an Elizabethan collar (E-collar) to stop licking and chewing. Bandaging might help, but it must be done carefully to avoid moisture buildup, which can lead to bacterial growth. Supervision is crucial, especially in the first two weeks after surgery.

Providing distractions, like puzzle toys or chew treats, can help keep dogs from focusing on their incision. If stitches are removed too soon, a veterinarian should assess the wound immediately to decide if re-suturing or additional wound care is needed.

5. Hemorrhage During or After Surgery

Hemorrhage, or excessive bleeding, can happen during or after TPLO surgery due to blood vessel injury, clotting disorders, or improper post-operative care. While some mild bruising is normal, significant bleeding is a serious issue that needs immediate attention.

Symptoms of post-surgical hemorrhage include excessive blood oozing from the incision, swelling or bruising that gets worse over time, pale gums, rapid heart rate, and lethargy. In severe cases, internal bleeding may cause a swollen abdomen or breathing difficulties.

Causes include surgical trauma to blood vessels, clotting disorders like Von Willebrand’s disease, or post-operative strain on the incision site. Certain medications, such as NSAIDs and steroids, can also affect the ability to clot.

When to seek emergency vet care: If bleeding continues for more than a few hours, if the wound reopens, or if the dog shows signs of weakness and pale gums, immediate veterinary care is crucial. Treatment may involve pressure bandaging, fluid therapy, or surgical intervention to control internal bleeding. Quick action can prevent life-threatening complications and improve recovery outcomes.

Mid-Term Healing Complications (Weeks to Months Post-Surgery)

As the initial healing phase progresses, some dogs may experience complications that affect recovery in the weeks following surgery. Monitoring for persistent swelling, delayed healing, or mobility issues is essential to prevent long-term problems.

6. Swelling and Bruising at the Incision Site

Some swelling and bruising are expected after TPLO surgery as part of the body's normal healing process. Mild swelling around the incision site, along with light bruising, usually goes away within two weeks.

Concerning signs include swelling that doesn't go away or gets worse beyond the expected recovery time, extreme discoloration (deep purple or black bruising), excessive warmth, and increasing pain. These could indicate an infection, hematoma (blood accumulation), or poor circulation.

Managing swelling effectively requires early action. Cold therapy, like applying an ice pack wrapped in a towel for 10–15 minutes several times a day during the first 72 hours after surgery, helps reduce inflammation. After this initial period, warm compresses can be used to promote circulation. Anti-inflammatory medications, if prescribed by a veterinarian, can also help reduce swelling.

Strict rest and avoiding unnecessary movement help prevent further irritation. If swelling worsens or doesn't improve, a veterinarian should check the incision site to rule out complications such as infection or fluid buildup.

7. Seroma Formation (Fluid Accumulation)

A seroma is a fluid buildup under the skin near the surgical site. It can occur due to too much movement, surgical trauma, or minor irritation, which causes leakage from blood vessels and lymphatic tissues. Unlike an infection, a seroma is usually not painful and doesn't show redness or discharge.

It's important to tell the difference between normal swelling and a problematic seroma. A small, soft, and flexible swelling that doesn't cause discomfort is often a harmless seroma and may go away on its own. However, if seromas are large or don't go away, especially if they grow or become painful, a veterinarian should check them. Signs of infection, like warmth, redness, or pus, need immediate attention.

Treatment options depend on how severe the seroma is. Small seromas are usually managed by monitoring and using compression therapy. Reducing excessive movement can help decrease fluid buildup. Large seromas might need to be drained with a sterile needle.

If fluid continues to build up, a drain may be placed to stop further accumulation. Preventing too much movement and ensuring proper rest after surgery can help reduce the risk of seroma formation.

8. Nerve Damage Leading to Limb Numbness

Nerve damage after TPLO surgery is rare but can happen due to surgical manipulation near major nerve pathways. The peroneal nerve, which controls foot and lower limb function, is most at risk during tibial surgery. In some cases, swelling after surgery can also temporarily affect nerve function.

Symptoms of nerve damage include dragging the paw (knuckling), reduced sensation in the affected leg, lack of response to touch, or an unusual way of walking. Dogs may seem unable to place their foot properly on the ground. In severe cases, they may develop muscle wasting due to not using the limb for a long time.

Prognosis and recovery depend on how severe the nerve injury is. Mild nerve compression from swelling often gets better within weeks as the swelling goes down. Physical therapy, gentle massage, and controlled movement exercises can help with nerve recovery.

Severe nerve damage, such as a completely severed nerve, has a poorer outlook and may require assistive devices or surgery. Close monitoring and early rehabilitation improve the chances of functional recovery.

9. Delayed Bone Healing or Non-Union

Bone healing after TPLO surgery usually takes 8–12 weeks, but sometimes healing is delayed or does not happen properly (non-union). Several factors can affect bone healing, including poor nutrition, too much activity, infection, or improper implant placement.

Signs of delayed healing include prolonged limping, ongoing swelling around the surgical site, and discomfort that lasts beyond the expected recovery time. X-rays may show incomplete bone fusion at the osteotomy site, indicating slowed healing. If not addressed, delayed healing can lead to implant failure or instability in the knee joint.

Treatment approaches focus on encouraging bone regrowth. A veterinarian may suggest calcium and vitamin D supplements to support bone health. Strict activity restriction is essential to prevent too much movement at the healing site. If an infection is suspected, antibiotics are prescribed.

In severe cases, additional surgery may be needed to replace hardware, perform a bone graft, or stimulate healing with advanced techniques like bone-stimulating proteins. Early intervention increases the chances of full recovery and proper joint stabilization.

10. Tibial Tuberosity Fractures

A tibial tuberosity fracture is a rare but serious issue that can happen after TPLO surgery. The tibial tuberosity is the bony bump where the patellar tendon attaches, and too much strain can cause it to fracture, especially in large, active dogs or those not properly cared for after surgery.

Symptoms of a tibial tuberosity fracture include sudden pain, reluctance to put weight on the leg, localized swelling, and knee joint instability. Some dogs may walk abnormally or have trouble extending their leg. This fracture is usually diagnosed with X-rays, which show a break near the TPLO osteotomy site.

Treatment depends on the fracture's severity. Minor fractures may heal with strict rest, pain management, and controlled rehabilitation. More severe cases require surgery, which may involve adding screws or wire to stabilize the fracture.

Proper post-operative care, including limited movement and weight management, is crucial to prevent tibial tuberosity fractures. Early detection and appropriate treatment improve recovery and help restore normal joint function.

Long-Term Complications (Months to Years Post-Surgery)

While most dogs recover well after TPLO surgery, some may develop complications months or even years later. These long-term issues can impact mobility and joint health, requiring ongoing management and veterinary care.

11. Patellar Luxation (Kneecap Dislocation)

TPLO surgery changes how the knee works, which can sometimes affect the position of the patella (kneecap). While TPLO stabilizes the knee joint by adjusting the tibial plateau, it may lead to patellar instability, especially in small-breed dogs or those with existing knee issues.

Symptoms of patellar luxation include a skipping gait, where the dog briefly lifts the leg before walking normally again. There may also be sudden pain, occasional limping, or trouble putting weight on the leg. Some dogs might be hesitant to jump or do high-impact activities.

Treatment options depend on how severe the condition is. Mild cases can be managed with physical therapy, exercises to strengthen muscles, and weight management to lessen stress on the knee.

In severe cases, where the patella often dislocates and causes discomfort, surgery may be needed to realign the patellar groove or tighten the soft tissues around the knee. Long-term monitoring and controlled exercise can help reduce the risk of further joint instability.

12. Patellar Ligament Thickening or Desmopathy

After TPLO surgery, the patellar ligament (which connects the kneecap to the tibia) may thicken due to increased stress and changes in the tissue as it heals. This condition, known as desmopathy, is a response to the altered mechanics of the knee and may cause discomfort or limit mobility.

How it impacts mobility: Thickened patellar ligaments can lead to stiffness, a reduced range of motion, and occasional lameness. Dogs might have trouble fully extending the knee or feel discomfort when walking on uneven surfaces. In some cases, ligament thickening can contribute to patellar luxation or chronic pain.

Treatment and management focus on reducing inflammation and keeping the joint flexible. Cold laser therapy, controlled exercise, and joint supplements (like glucosamine and chondroitin) may help maintain ligament health.

In severe cases where thickening causes functional problems, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, or, in rare instances, surgery may be necessary. Gradually returning to activity and avoiding high-impact exercises can help minimize stress on the ligament.

13. Meniscal Injury or Tear

The meniscus is a cartilage structure that cushions the knee joint. While TPLO surgery stabilizes the knee, it does not remove the risk of meniscal injuries. Sometimes, leftover instability or stress from implants can cause the meniscus to wear down or tear.

Symptoms of meniscal damage include a clicking or popping sound when the dog moves, occasional or constant lameness, reluctance to use the affected leg, and discomfort when bending the knee. Some dogs may suddenly experience more pain after initially showing signs of recovery.

Treatment options depend on how severe the tear is. Mild cases might be managed with pain relief, joint supplements, and controlled exercise. However, if a meniscal tear causes ongoing pain and instability, surgery is often needed.

This may involve a partial meniscectomy, where the damaged part is removed, or meniscal repair if the cartilage can be saved. Long-term management includes weight control, low-impact exercise, and joint-protective therapies to reduce stress on the knee.

14. Persistent or Recurrent Lameness

While temporary lameness is expected during TPLO recovery, persistent or recurrent lameness months or years after surgery indicates an underlying issue. Some dogs may initially regain function but later experience setbacks.

When lameness is normal vs. a complication: Mild stiffness after long periods of rest or in cold weather is common in post-TPLO dogs, especially as they age. However, continuous limping, favoring one leg, or worsening mobility suggests a complication such as implant issues, nerve damage, or progressive joint disease.

Common causes include implant loosening, nerve irritation, arthritis, or secondary joint problems like patellar luxation or meniscal injury. Improper post-op rehabilitation can also lead to muscle weakness, causing uneven weight distribution.

Rehabilitation options focus on hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, and pain relief through NSAIDs or joint supplements. Weight control is crucial in reducing stress on the knee. For severe cases, advanced pain management options like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, acupuncture, or even surgical revision may be necessary.

15. Development of Arthritis After Surgery

Even after successful TPLO surgery, some dogs develop arthritis over time due to joint wear and tear. While TPLO improves knee stability, it doesn't prevent degenerative joint disease (DJD), especially in older or previously injured dogs.

Why arthritis develops: Chronic inflammation, ongoing joint stress, or minor imperfections in bone healing can lead to cartilage breakdown. Dogs with previous CCL damage, obesity, or an uneven gait are at higher risk.

Symptoms include joint stiffness, difficulty getting up, reluctance to move, limping, and swelling around the knee. Dogs may struggle with stairs, hesitate before jumping, or feel discomfort after exercise. Symptoms often worsen in cold weather or after long periods of inactivity.

Long-term management focuses on weight control, joint supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3s), anti-inflammatory treatments (NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections), and physical therapy. Low-impact activities like swimming or controlled walks can maintain muscle strength while reducing joint stress.

In advanced cases, regenerative therapies such as stem cell treatment or PRP injections may provide relief. Managing arthritis proactively helps maintain mobility and quality of life for years after surgery.

How to Reduce the Risk of TPLO Complications

Minimizing complications after TPLO surgery requires strict post-operative care, proper wound management, and ongoing rehabilitation.

Following veterinary instructions and ensuring a controlled recovery environment significantly improve surgical outcomes.

Strict post-op care

Strict post-op care is essential in preventing implant failure, infections, and delayed healing. Dogs must have limited movement for the first few weeks, avoiding running, jumping, or sudden movements that can strain the surgical site. A crate or confined space ensures controlled rest, while leash-walks allow gradual reintroduction to activity.

Proper wound care and hygiene

Proper wound care and hygiene reduce infection risks. The surgical incision should be checked daily for redness, swelling, or discharge. Using veterinary-recommended antiseptics and preventing licking (via an Elizabethan collar) are key to avoiding contamination.

Many surgeons now use Simini Protect Lavage, a non-antibiotic surgical lavage, to reduce bacterial contamination and biofilm formation, lowering the risk of post-surgical infections.

Rehabilitation and physical therapy

A well-structured rehabilitation plan is essential for restoring mobility, muscle strength, and joint flexibility after TPLO surgery. Early intervention helps prevent stiffness, muscle atrophy, and long-term mobility issues.

Hydrotherapy (underwater treadmill or swimming) provides low-impact exercise, reducing strain on healing joints while strengthening muscles. Passive range-of-motion exercises improve flexibility, while controlled weight-bearing activities help rebuild strength without overloading the surgical site.

Rehabilitation also includes balance exercises, cold laser therapy, and massage therapy, which aid circulation and reduce post-surgical discomfort. A veterinarian or canine rehabilitation specialist can create a customized recovery plan to ensure optimal healing and long-term joint health.

Lastly, early detection improves recovery. Watching for limping, excessive swelling, or behavioral changes helps identify issues before they get worse.

When to Call Your Vet

Recognizing when to seek veterinary care is crucial for preventing serious TPLO complications. Emergency signs that need immediate attention include excessive bleeding, severe swelling, ongoing pain, fever, an open incision, or a sudden inability to bear weight on the operated leg.

Mild symptoms like slight swelling, occasional limping, or minor wound discharge should still be checked if they persist or get worse. Delayed healing or changes in behavior may indicate an underlying issue.

Regular post-op checkups are important for monitoring bone healing, implant stability, and joint function. Early intervention helps prevent complications, ensuring a smooth and successful recovery for your dog.

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Read more about -

• TPLO failure symptoms
• Common causes of limping in dogs post-TPLO surgery
• Before and after TPLO surgery: Dog health & recovery timeline
• TPLO surgery for older dogs: Is it a worthwhile option?

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Conclusion

TPLO surgery is very effective for stabilizing a dog’s knee, but complications can occur without proper post-operative care. Understanding potential risks and taking preventive steps can ensure a smoother recovery.

1. Strict post-op care – Limiting movement, using an E-collar, and following vet instructions help prevent implant failure and infections.
2. Proper wound hygiene – Keeping the incision clean and watching for redness, swelling, or discharge reduces infection risks.
3. Early detection of complications – Signs like persistent limping, fever, or swelling should lead to immediate veterinary evaluation.
4. Rehabilitation and physical therapy – Hydrotherapy and controlled exercises help with muscle recovery and joint flexibility.
5. Regular vet checkups – Routine follow-ups ensure proper bone healing, implant stability, and early complication management.
6. Using advanced surgical solutions – Many surgeons use Simini Protect Lavage to reduce infection risks and improve post-surgical outcomes.
7. Long-term joint health management – Weight control, joint supplements, and arthritis prevention strategies enhance mobility and quality of life.

By staying proactive and working closely with your veterinarian, you can minimize complications and support your dog’s full recovery after TPLO surgery.

FAQs

What are the long-term complications of TPLO surgery?

Long-term complications can include patellar luxation, arthritis, implant failure, meniscal injuries, and persistent lameness. Some dogs may develop patellar ligament thickening or nerve-related mobility issues. While many dogs recover well, maintaining joint health, weight control, and regular vet checkups helps minimize long-term risks.

What to watch for after TPLO surgery?

Monitor for swelling, redness, discharge, excessive pain, fever, or sudden lameness. Signs of complications include persistent limping, wound infection, delayed healing, or implant issues. If the dog refuses to bear weight or shows increased discomfort over time, a veterinary evaluation is necessary to rule out serious post-surgical issues.

What are the mistakes for TPLO?

Common mistakes include allowing too much activity too soon, neglecting wound care, not using an E-collar, missing follow-up visits, and improper rehabilitation. Failing to restrict movement can lead to implant failure, delayed bone healing, or reinjury. Strict adherence to post-op care reduces these risks.

What is the complication rate of TPLO?

The overall complication rate for TPLO surgery ranges from 10-34%, with most being minor issues like swelling or mild infections. Serious complications, such as implant failure, fractures, or osteomyelitis (bone infection), occur in a smaller percentage of cases. Proper post-operative care significantly reduces complication risks.

Do dogs fully recover from TPLO surgery?

Most dogs fully recover within 12-16 weeks and regain normal mobility. With proper rehabilitation, they can return to an active lifestyle, including running and playing. However, some may develop mild stiffness or arthritis later in life. Regular exercise, weight control, and joint supplements help maintain long-term joint health.

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Performing a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) is a common surgical procedure to treat cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs. The Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is a vital tool that helps veterinary surgeons determine the exact amount of tibial rotation needed during surgery. Understanding this chart ensures accurate bone alignment and improves surgical outcomes.

This article explains the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart in detail. You will learn how to interpret the chart, why it matters for your pet’s surgery, and how it guides surgeons in achieving the correct tibial plateau angle. This knowledge helps pet owners understand the surgical process better and supports informed discussions with your veterinary surgeon.

What is the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart?

The Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is a reference guide used during TPLO surgery. It shows the degrees of rotation needed to achieve a target tibial plateau angle based on the preoperative measurement. This chart helps surgeons plan and execute the bone cut and rotation precisely.

Using this chart reduces guesswork and improves the accuracy of the surgical correction. It is designed specifically for the Arthrex TPLO surgical system, which includes specialized plates and instruments.

• Rotation guidance: The chart provides exact degrees of tibial rotation required to reach the desired postoperative tibial plateau angle, ensuring surgical precision.
• Preoperative planning: It uses the measured preoperative tibial plateau angle to determine how much rotation is necessary during surgery.
• Standardization tool: The chart standardizes the surgical approach, reducing variability between different surgeons and cases.
• Integration with Arthrex system: It is designed to work with Arthrex-specific implants and instruments for seamless surgical workflow.

Understanding this chart is essential for surgeons performing TPLO with Arthrex equipment and benefits pet owners by improving surgical success rates.

How does the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart improve surgical accuracy?

Accurate rotation of the tibial plateau is critical to restore normal joint mechanics after TPLO surgery. The rotation chart helps surgeons avoid under- or over-rotation, which can lead to poor outcomes or complications.

By providing a clear reference, the chart minimizes errors during the procedure. It also supports consistent results across different patients and surgeons.

• Precise angle correction: The chart ensures the tibial plateau angle is corrected to the target, improving joint stability post-surgery.
• Reduces complications: Proper rotation lowers risks of implant failure, arthritis progression, and abnormal gait after surgery.
• Improves recovery: Accurate alignment supports better healing and faster return to normal activity for dogs.
• Supports training: The chart helps less experienced surgeons perform TPLO with confidence and accuracy.

Using the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is a key step in achieving the best surgical outcomes for dogs undergoing cruciate ligament repair.

What measurements are needed before using the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart?

Before referencing the rotation chart, the surgeon must measure the tibial plateau angle on preoperative radiographs. This angle indicates how sloped the tibial plateau is, which influences the degree of rotation needed.

Accurate measurement is essential for the chart to provide correct rotation values. The process involves specific radiographic positioning and angle calculation techniques.

• Radiographic positioning: Proper lateral X-rays of the stifle joint are required to visualize the tibial plateau accurately.
• Angle measurement: The tibial plateau angle is measured using anatomical landmarks on the radiograph, typically with digital tools.
• Recording values: The measured angle is noted and used as the input for the rotation chart to find the corresponding rotation degree.
• Repeatability: Consistent measurement technique ensures reliable data for surgical planning and chart use.

Accurate preoperative measurements are the foundation for effective use of the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart during surgery.

How do surgeons use the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart during surgery?

During TPLO surgery, the surgeon references the rotation chart after measuring the tibial plateau angle. The chart indicates how many degrees to rotate the tibial segment after the osteotomy cut.

This rotation changes the slope of the tibial plateau to a safer angle, reducing strain on the cruciate ligament. The chart guides the surgeon to achieve this precisely.

• Osteotomy planning: The surgeon plans the bone cut location and angle based on the chart’s rotation recommendations.
• Rotation execution: After cutting the tibia, the surgeon rotates the bone segment by the degree indicated on the chart.
• Verification: Intraoperative imaging or jigs may be used to confirm the rotation matches the chart’s guidance.
• Plate fixation: The Arthrex TPLO plate is applied to stabilize the rotated tibia, maintaining the corrected angle during healing.

Following the rotation chart during surgery helps ensure the tibial plateau angle is corrected accurately and consistently.

What are the benefits of using the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart for pet owners?

For pet owners, the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart contributes to safer surgeries and better recovery for dogs with cruciate ligament injuries. It supports precise surgical correction, which improves joint function.

Understanding the chart can help owners feel more confident about the procedure and its outcomes.

• Improved surgical outcomes: Accurate rotation reduces complications and improves joint stability after surgery.
• Faster recovery: Correct alignment supports quicker healing and return to normal activity for pets.
• Reduced arthritis risk: Proper tibial plateau angle correction lowers the chance of arthritis development later.
• Enhanced surgeon confidence: The chart helps surgeons perform the procedure with precision, benefiting your pet’s health.

Knowing that the surgeon uses tools like the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart can reassure owners about the quality of care their pet receives.

Are there limitations or challenges with the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart?

While the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is a valuable tool, it has some limitations. Surgeons must combine chart data with clinical judgment and experience for best results.

Variations in anatomy or measurement errors can affect the chart’s accuracy. Understanding these challenges helps set realistic expectations.

• Measurement variability: Inaccurate preoperative angle measurement can lead to incorrect rotation recommendations.
• Anatomical differences: Individual dog anatomy may require adjustments beyond the chart’s standardized values.
• Technical skill required: Proper use of the chart depends on surgeon experience and surgical technique.
• Not a standalone tool: The chart should be used alongside other surgical planning methods and intraoperative assessments.

Awareness of these limitations ensures the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is used effectively as part of comprehensive surgical care.

Conclusion

The Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is an essential tool for veterinary surgeons performing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. It provides clear guidance on the degree of tibial rotation needed to correct the tibial plateau angle accurately.

By understanding and using this chart, surgeons can improve surgical precision, reduce complications, and support better recovery for pets. Pet owners benefit from knowing their dog’s surgery is planned with advanced, reliable tools like the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart.

What is the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart used for?

The Arthrex TPLO rotation chart is used to determine the exact degrees of tibial rotation needed during TPLO surgery to achieve the desired tibial plateau angle correction.

How do you measure the tibial plateau angle before surgery?

The tibial plateau angle is measured on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the stifle using anatomical landmarks and digital tools to ensure accuracy.

Can the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart prevent surgical complications?

Yes, by guiding precise tibial rotation, the chart helps reduce risks like implant failure and arthritis progression after TPLO surgery.

Is the Arthrex TPLO rotation chart suitable for all dog breeds?

The chart is designed for general use but surgeons may adjust rotation based on individual anatomical differences in certain breeds.

Do surgeons use imaging during TPLO surgery with the rotation chart?

Yes, intraoperative imaging or jigs are often used to verify that the tibial rotation matches the chart’s recommendations for accuracy.