Protecting
Pets, People & Planet

Why These Myths Matter

Spaying and neutering are common surgeries, yet many dog owners still hesitate because of myths or outdated information. These false beliefs can cause confusion, delay important health decisions, or lead to fear about the safety of the procedure.

When owners believe the wrong things—like thinking neutering will ruin a dog’s personality or that spaying always causes weight gain—they may avoid or postpone surgery. This can increase the risk of health problems like unwanted litters, mammary cancer, or testicular disease.

Why separating myth from fact is important:

• It helps you make the right choice at the right time
• It reduces fear based on old or incorrect stories
• It protects your dog’s long-term health and behavior
• It encourages responsible pet ownership and reduces shelter populations

Misinformation spreads fast, especially online. That’s why it’s critical to check facts with your vet and focus on what science and experience really show about spaying and neutering.

Myth 1 – My Dog Will Get Fat After Spaying or Neutering

It’s a common belief that spayed or neutered dogs always gain weight, but this isn’t caused by the surgery itself. Weight gain happens when your dog’s calorie intake stays the same while their metabolism slows slightly after the procedure.

What actually causes weight gain:

• Overfeeding or free feeding
• Lack of daily exercise or mental stimulation
• Breed tendency (e.g., Labs, Beagles gain weight more easily)
• Ignoring portion size after sterilization

Neutered dogs may require 10–20% fewer calories than before. Adjusting their food and keeping up with daily walks keeps them lean and healthy. It’s not about the surgery—it’s about how you feed and care for your dog afterward.

Myth 2 – It’s Better for My Female Dog to Have One Litter First

Many people think letting a female dog have “just one litter” is healthier. In fact, science says the opposite. Spaying before the first heat greatly reduces the risk of mammary (breast) tumors—by more than 90%.

Other major risks from delaying spay include:

• Pyometra – a life-threatening uterine infection
• Ovarian and uterine cancers
• Increased risk of accidental pregnancy

Benefits of early spaying:

• No heat cycles
• No risk of unwanted litters
• Strong protection against reproductive diseases

There is no medical reason to let a dog go through pregnancy before spaying. The myth is based on emotion, not evidence. Early spaying provides real, long-term protection.

Myth 3 – Neutering Makes My Dog Less Masculine or “Weak”

Some owners feel neutering takes away a male dog’s “manliness” or power. But dogs don’t think about masculinity the way humans do. Neutering only removes the testicles—it doesn’t change your dog’s identity, strength, or love for you.

What doesn’t change after neutering:

• Your dog’s personality and playfulness
• Their energy and ability to train
• Their loyalty and bond with you

What often improves:

• Reduced marking or humping
• Less roaming or escaping
• Lower risk of prostate problems

Your dog’s confidence and behavior are shaped by training, environment, and socialization—not hormones alone. Neutering makes him easier to manage, not weaker.

Myth 4 – My Dog’s Personality Will Change After Surgery

Neutering or spaying changes hormone-driven behaviors, not your dog’s true personality. Your dog won’t forget who they are or stop loving you after surgery.

What may improve after surgery:

• Marking or spraying urine
• Roaming to find a mate
• Mounting and humping

What stays the same:

• Intelligence and playfulness
• How they bond with people
• Temperament shaped by training

Spaying or neutering may make your dog calmer, but it doesn’t make them dull. The goal is to reduce risky behaviors, not change their spirit.

‍

Read more about:

‍

‍

Myth 5 – Neutering Causes Laziness or Depression

After surgery, your dog might seem sleepy or quiet for a day or two. That’s normal—it’s part of recovery from anesthesia and pain medication. It does not mean they are depressed or lazy for life.

Here’s what actually happens:

• Temporary tiredness for 1–2 days
• Normal energy returns within 3–5 days
• Full activity resumes by Day 10–14

Dogs return to their usual behavior when given time to heal and proper care. If your dog becomes less active long-term, it's more likely due to overfeeding or lack of stimulation, not the surgery itself.

Myth 6 – My Dog Will Become Aggressive or Fearful After Being Fixed

Neutering doesn’t cause aggression—it often helps reduce it, especially when it’s linked to hormones. Some dogs may show temporary nervousness after surgery, but that fades as they heal.

What affects behavior most:

• Socialization as a puppy
• Ongoing training and boundaries
• How owners respond to fear or stress

What neutering may reduce:

• Testosterone-driven aggression
• Territorial behaviors like fighting or marking
• Dominance around other dogs

Neutering is not a cure-all, but it can support better behavior when combined with consistent training.

Myth 7 – It’s Unsafe to Spay or Neuter Young Dogs

Some people worry that spaying or neutering puppies is dangerous. But when done by a trained vet, early-age surgery (as young as 8 weeks) is safe and routine in shelters.

When early-age spay/neuter is appropriate:

• Small-breed puppies can be safely fixed at 6–9 months
• Shelter puppies may be spayed as early as 8 weeks
• Large breeds may benefit from delayed surgery for joint health

Your vet will decide the safest timing based on breed, weight, and overall health. For most dogs, early surgery is low-risk and leads to a fast recovery.

Myth 8 – Spaying or Neutering Is Painful or Dangerous

Spay and neuter surgeries are done under general anesthesia, so your dog feels no pain during the procedure. Vets also give pain relief medication before and after surgery.

Modern veterinary care includes:

• Pre-op bloodwork and physical exams
• IV fluids and anesthesia monitoring
• Post-op pain management
• Clean, sterile equipment and trained teams

While no surgery is 100% risk-free, spaying and neutering are among the safest procedures in veterinary medicine when done by a licensed professional.

Myth 9 – It’s Too Expensive to Get My Dog Fixed

The cost of spay or neuter surgery varies, but many low-cost clinics offer affordable options. Some animal shelters and nonprofits even provide free or discounted services.

Long-term savings:

• Avoids the cost of caring for unwanted puppies
• Prevents diseases like pyometra or testicular cancer
• Reduces emergency vet visits from roaming or fights

Paying for surgery once can save hundreds—or even thousands—over your dog’s lifetime. Responsible care is often more affordable than dealing with problems later.

Myth 10 – Spay/Neuter Fixes All Problem Behaviors Instantly

Surgery helps with behaviors linked to hormones, but it’s not a quick fix for everything. Your dog still needs guidance, structure, and time to adjust.

Surgery may help reduce:

• Roaming, humping, marking
• Aggression linked to mating instincts

What surgery doesn’t fix:

• Fear-based aggression
• Separation anxiety
• Chewing or barking from boredom

Training, socialization, and routine matter just as much as surgery. Think of spay/neuter as one helpful tool—not a full behavior makeover.

Myth 11 – It’s Unnatural to Interfere With My Dog’s Reproductive Instincts

Dogs are domesticated animals—not wild wolves. Their lives depend on human care, and that includes managing their health and preventing overpopulation.

Why spay/neuter is responsible:

• Avoids unwanted litters and homeless animals
• Improves your dog’s health and safety
• Helps dogs live longer, more peaceful lives

Letting nature take its course often leads to more suffering—for both pets and shelters. Responsible ownership sometimes means stepping in for their well-being.

Myth 12 – I’ll Make Money Breeding My Dog

Breeding dogs might sound profitable, but in reality, it’s full of hidden costs and risks. Most pet owners lose money rather than earn it.

True costs of breeding:

• Health testing and vet care for the mother
• Emergency C-sections or pregnancy complications
• Feeding and caring for multiple puppies
• Finding safe, responsible homes

With too many unwanted dogs already in shelters, breeding without experience or purpose only adds to the problem.

Myth 13 – Only Female Dogs Need to Be Fixed

Male dogs play a major role in unplanned litters. One unneutered male can father dozens of puppies in a year if allowed to roam.

Health and behavior benefits for males:

• Prevents testicular cancer
• Reduces risk of prostate problems
• Decreases marking and aggression
• Helps keep males calmer and more focused

Fixing male dogs is just as important as spaying females. It’s a step toward balanced, responsible pet care.

Myth 14 – I Don’t Need Surgery if I Supervise My Dog

Even well-trained dogs can escape, slip leashes, or act on instinct. Accidents happen—especially during a female’s heat cycle when males can smell her from blocks away.

Why supervision isn’t enough:

• Dogs can dig under or jump over fences
• Mating can happen in minutes
• Heat cycles attract unwanted attention

Surgery gives you peace of mind and reduces the risk of surprise litters or injuries. Responsible care goes beyond just watching—it means planning ahead.

Final Thoughts

Spaying and neutering come with many benefits—but myths often get in the way of making the right choice. Believing false stories can delay care, increase risks, or lead to long-term health problems.

The truth is:

• Modern spay/neuter surgery is safe and low-risk
• It prevents disease, reduces behavioral issues, and saves lives
• Timing and care should be based on science, not fear

Talk with your vet about your dog’s breed, age, and lifestyle. The more you know, the better decisions you’ll make for your pet’s future.

‍

Read more about:

‍

‍

FAQs About Spaying and Neutering

Is it true that my dog will get fat after being spayed or neutered?

Not necessarily. Weight gain happens from overfeeding and lack of exercise—not from the surgery itself. After spay/neuter, your dog’s metabolism slows slightly, so you may need to reduce food portions and stay consistent with walks.

Should I let my female dog have one litter before spaying?

No. Studies show that spaying before the first heat greatly reduces the risk of mammary tumors and uterine infections. There’s no health benefit to letting her have a litter first.

Will my male dog become less protective after neutering?

Neutering doesn’t affect your dog’s loyalty or protective instincts. It may reduce hormone-driven behaviors like marking or roaming, but your dog will still guard you if needed.

Is spaying or neutering painful?

The surgery is done under full anesthesia, and pain is managed with medication. Most dogs feel tired for a day or two but recover quickly and comfortably with proper care.

Can I just watch my dog instead of getting them fixed?

Even with close supervision, accidents happen. Dogs can escape, mate quickly, and cause unplanned litters. Surgery is the safest long-term solution for both health and prevention.

‍

What Is Neutering and Why Recovery Time Matters

Neutering is a surgical procedure where a male dog’s testicles are removed. This is called an orchiectomy. It prevents the dog from reproducing and lowers testosterone levels, which can reduce marking, roaming, and some types of aggression.

Although neutering is a quick and common surgery, the recovery period is very important. Proper healing helps prevent problems like infection, swelling, or the dog reopening the incision.

Why recovery time matters:

• Reduces risk of complications like bleeding or scrotal swelling
• Allows the incision to close properly without stress or licking
• Gives your dog time to adjust after the hormonal change
• Prevents behavior problems from boredom or discomfort during healing

Even if your dog seems back to normal quickly, you must still follow the vet’s recovery instructions for at least 10–14 days. Rushing the healing process can lead to setbacks or longer recovery overall. A careful recovery means a healthier, happier dog in the long run.

How Long Does Recovery Take After Neutering?

Most dogs take 10 to 14 days for the incision to fully heal after neutering. This is the period when the wound is most fragile and needs protection. You may notice that your dog seems mostly back to normal within 3 to 7 days, but that doesn’t mean they are fully healed.

Typical recovery stages:

• Behavioral recovery: 3–7 days (sleepy, then more active)
• Incision healing: 10–14 days
• Hormonal behavior changes: 2–4 weeks for testosterone to fade

Recovery can vary based on your dog’s age, breed, and size. Puppies often bounce back faster, while larger or older dogs may need more time. Overweight dogs may also have slower healing.

Even if your dog feels fine, running or jumping too soon can reopen the wound or cause swelling. That’s why activity should be restricted until your vet confirms the incision has healed.

Patience during this short recovery time helps prevent long-term issues.

Day-by-Day Recovery Timeline

Understanding what to expect each day helps you support your dog’s healing safely.

Day 1:

• Groggy and tired from anesthesia
• Prefers sleep and quiet rest
• Offer water and small meals

Days 2–3:

• Energy starts returning
• May show interest in walking
• Light, leashed walks only with vet approval

Days 4–7:

• Appetite is back
• Behavior appears mostly normal
• Still avoid stairs, running, or rough play

Days 10–14:

• Incision is closed and healing
• Stitches usually dissolve or are removed
• Vet may clear your dog for normal activity

Week 3–4:

• Testosterone-driven behaviors like humping may fade
• Full hormone adjustment happens gradually

Following this timeline helps avoid problems like infection or swelling. If anything seems unusual, contact your vet promptly.

Activity Restrictions During Recovery

Your dog must avoid physical stress while healing. The first 10–14 days are critical for proper incision closure.

What to avoid:

• No running, jumping, or climbing stairs
• No rough play with people or other pets
• No off-leash walks or dog park visits

What’s allowed:

• Short, leashed walks after Day 2 or 3, if your vet approves
• Calm indoor rest in a quiet space

Baths and swimming should be delayed until your vet confirms the incision is fully closed. Water can weaken the wound or introduce bacteria.

Try using a crate or pen to limit movement if needed. If your dog is active or excitable, talk to your vet about calming tools during recovery.

Wound Care and Monitoring

Proper wound care helps prevent infection and speeds healing. You should check your dog’s incision once or twice daily for any warning signs.

What to look for:

• Redness, swelling, or heat around the site
• Yellow or smelly discharge
• Loose stitches or open edges
• Bleeding or oozing

Keep the area clean and dry. No cleaning products are needed unless directed by your vet.

Your dog must not lick or chew the incision. Use an E-collar (cone) for at least 10–14 days, even if the wound looks fine.

Letting your dog lick the area can cause infection or tear the stitches. If the cone is removed too soon, recovery may take longer—or need surgical repair.

Pain Management and Feeding

Your dog may feel sore for a day or two after surgery, but most pain can be controlled easily.

Vet-prescribed pain meds are usually NSAIDs, which reduce inflammation and discomfort. Always give medication exactly as instructed—never give human painkillers.

Feeding tips:

• Offer a light meal the evening after surgery
• Resume normal meals by Day 2
• Ensure your dog drinks water and eats regularly

Some dogs may feel nauseous from anesthesia. Mild vomiting or low appetite for one day is normal, but if it continues beyond 48 hours, call your vet.

Also, watch for signs of pain like whining, restlessness, or not wanting to move.

‍

Read more about:

‍

‍

When to Call the Vet

While most dogs recover smoothly, it’s important to know when something is wrong. Don’t wait if you see any of these warning signs.

Call your vet if:

• The incision is red, swollen, or bleeding
• There’s yellow discharge or a foul smell
• Your dog is vomiting, not eating, or very tired after 48 hours
• The wound opens or your dog is licking it constantly
• Your dog has trouble urinating or defecating

Even small issues can turn into bigger problems if ignored. Early action helps protect your dog from infection, delayed healing, or additional surgeries.

Behavioral Recovery After Neutering

Along with physical healing, your dog may go through emotional and behavioral changes. These changes are usually temporary and mild.

What to expect:

• Your dog may be clingy, sleepy, or anxious for the first 2–3 days
• Testosterone levels drop slowly, so marking, humping, or aggression may continue for 2–4 weeks
• Over time, most dogs become calmer and more focused

You may not notice major personality changes, especially if your dog was already well-trained. The goal of neutering is to reduce hormone-driven behaviors—not change who your dog is.

Training and consistent routines also help your dog adjust faster during this stage.

Breed, Size, and Age-Based Differences

Recovery speed can vary based on your dog’s age, breed, and body size. These differences affect how quickly your dog feels better and how long you need to limit activity.

Typical patterns:

• Puppies (under 1 year): Heal faster, often within 7–10 days
• Large or giant breeds: May need 14–18 days to fully heal
• Overweight dogs: Slower healing and higher risk of incision issues
• Senior dogs: May be slower to bounce back and need more support

No matter the breed or size, rest, wound care, and vet follow-up are key to a safe recovery.

Emotional Support for a Smoother Recovery

Neutering can make your dog feel confused, sore, or unsettled for a few days. Creating a peaceful home environment helps them feel safe during healing.

How to support your dog:

• Set up a quiet, cozy spot with soft bedding
• Keep lights low and noise minimal
• Limit contact with children or other pets in the first few days
• Use gentle touch and speak in a calm voice

Avoid extra stimulation, visitors, or travel during the recovery period. Keep daily routines simple and consistent.

Your calm presence is the best comfort your dog can have while recovering.

Returning to Normal Life Safely

Most dogs can return to full activity after the incision is fully healed. But jumping back too soon can risk complications.

Before resuming normal life:

• Have a vet check-up around Day 10–14
• Make sure the incision is fully closed
• Avoid baths, stairs, or off-leash play until cleared by your vet

Some dogs feel good early on and try to run or jump. Use a leash or a crate to stop them from getting too active too fast.

Safe return to normal life means fewer setbacks and no need for repeat surgery.

‍

Read more about:

‍

‍

FAQs About Neuter Recovery in Dogs

How long should I keep the cone on my dog after neutering?

Keep the cone (E-collar) on for 10 to 14 days, or until your vet confirms the incision is fully healed. Removing it too early can lead to licking, infection, or opening of the wound.

Can my dog go on walks after neutering?

Yes, but only short leash walks starting around Day 2 or 3 if your vet approves. Avoid running, stairs, or off-leash activity until your dog is fully healed.

What should my dog’s incision look like?

A healing incision should be dry, flat, and slightly pink. Mild swelling is normal. Watch for redness, pus, or bad smell—these are signs of infection and need vet attention.

Is it normal for my dog to sleep a lot after surgery?

Yes. Sleepiness is common for 24–48 hours after anesthesia. If your dog is still very tired or not eating after two days, contact your vet.

When can my dog return to normal activities?

Most dogs can return to regular activity 10–14 days after neutering, once the vet confirms the incision is healed. Wait for a check-up before resuming off-leash play or bathing.

‍

Why Timing Matters for Spaying or Neutering

The age at which your dog is spayed or neutered plays a big role in their long-term health and behavior. Hormones like estrogen and testosterone guide growth, bone development, and emotional maturity. Removing these hormones too early or too late can affect how your dog grows and behaves.

Before sterilization, hormones help:

• Close growth plates: Delaying surgery allows bones to develop properly.
• Build muscle and coordination: Especially important in large breeds.
• Shape behavior: Hormones affect confidence, aggression, and social interaction.

After sterilization, some changes occur:

• Metabolism slows down: Dogs may gain weight if their diet isn’t adjusted.
• Energy levels may drop slightly: Some dogs become calmer, though not all.
• Reduced hormone-driven behaviors: Less marking, roaming, or aggression.

These changes are not bad, but they do mean your dog will need care tailored to their new needs. That’s why timing is so important—it helps balance growth, health, and behavior.

General Guidelines for Spay/Neuter Age

Most veterinarians suggest spaying or neutering dogs between 6 and 9 months of age. This is a general range that works well for many dogs, especially if they are healthy and not part of a high-risk breed. At this age, most dogs have finished their core puppy vaccines, and their bodies are strong enough for surgery.

Many vets follow this timeline because:

• Puppies recover quickly from surgery at this stage.
• Unwanted behaviors like marking or roaming can be prevented early.
• Early sterilization lowers the risk of accidental breeding and shelter overpopulation.

However, some dogs may benefit from waiting longer based on their breed, size, or health. For example, large-breed dogs may need more time to grow before their hormones are removed. Always ask your vet what’s best for your individual dog.

The 6–9 month range is a good starting point, but it's not one-size-fits-all. The right age depends on many factors, and your vet will help guide you through the safest and healthiest choice.

Breed and Size-Based Recommendations

Spay/neuter timing depends a lot on your dog’s size and breed. Smaller dogs mature faster, while large and giant breeds take more time to grow. If surgery is done too early in large breeds, it may affect their joints and bones.

Here’s a general guideline:

• Toy & small breeds (under 20 lbs): 6–9 months
• Medium breeds (20–50 lbs): 9–12 months
• Large & giant breeds (over 50 lbs): 12–18+ months

The reason for this delay in large dogs is something called growth plate closure. These are areas of soft tissue near the ends of long bones. Hormones tell the body when to close them. If removed too early, the bones may grow too long, increasing the risk of joint problems.

Breed-specific examples:

• Chihuahua: Spay/neuter at 6–9 months
• Golden Retriever: Wait until 12–18 months
• German Shepherd: Often best to wait until 15–18 months

Always ask your vet about timing based on your dog’s breed, weight, and lifestyle.

Female Dogs: When to Spay

For female dogs, timing is very important. Many vets recommend spaying before the first heat, usually around 6–9 months for small to medium breeds. This can reduce the risk of mammary cancer by up to 90%.

However, spaying too early may come with risks. Hormones help support bladder control and bone health. Without them, some dogs—especially large breeds—may develop issues like:

• Urinary incontinence (leaking urine)
• Delayed growth plate closure
• Hormonal imbalances

Spaying before the first heat may also calm behaviors driven by hormones, such as restlessness or frequent urination. But if your dog is shy or fearful, waiting a bit longer may help her confidence develop before surgery.

What matters most is:

• Her size and breed
• Her behavior and temperament
• Your vet’s advice based on her health

Spaying has many benefits, but the timing must match your dog’s individual needs.

Male Dogs: When to Neuter

Neutering male dogs can help with behavior, population control, and long-term health. The typical recommended age is 6 to 9 months for small to medium breeds. For large and giant breeds, delaying neuter until 12 to 18 months helps reduce joint problems.

Testosterone controls growth and affects behavior. Waiting allows the body to fully develop before hormone removal. Early neutering may increase the risk of:

• Hip dysplasia
• Cruciate ligament injuries (CCL tears)
• Bone and joint issues

Neutering also affects testosterone-driven behaviors, such as:

• Marking or spraying
• Roaming to find mates
• Mounting and aggression

Some of these behaviors improve after neutering, but not all. It depends on your dog’s personality and training.

Talk with your vet about your dog’s breed, size, and behavior. For many large breeds, the health benefits of waiting may outweigh the behavioral reasons to neuter early.

Risks of Early vs. Late Spay/Neuter

Timing your dog’s spay or neuter can lower health risks, but both early and late surgery have trade-offs. It's about finding the safest window based on breed, size, and health.

Risks of early spay/neuter:

• Joint problems like hip dysplasia or torn CCLs, especially in large breeds
• Delayed growth plate closure
• Higher risk of urinary incontinence in females
• Hormonal imbalances affecting bone strength
• Increased sensitivity to anesthesia in very young puppies

Risks of delaying too long:

• Unwanted litters
• Hormone-related cancers (like testicular cancer in males)
• Mammary tumors in females if spayed after multiple heats
• Prostate issues in older males

Finding the right time avoids these extremes. Work with your vet to weigh the pros and cons based on your dog’s breed, age, and health history.

‍

Read more about:

‍

‍

Behavior and Development Considerations

Spaying or neutering changes hormone levels, which can influence behavior and development. For some dogs, this is helpful. For others, especially certain breeds, waiting longer may support better growth and social maturity.

Common behavior changes after surgery:

• Less marking and humping
• Lower aggression in some dogs
• Reduced roaming or escape attempts

But hormones also support emotional development. Removing them too early might lead to:

• Fearfulness or anxiety
• Delayed social confidence
• Less mature body structure

Some breeds—like German Shepherds and Labrador Retrievers—benefit from full hormonal growth before surgery. This helps avoid orthopedic issues and supports proper behavior shaping.

Each dog is different. If your pet has strong behavior concerns, work with a vet or behaviorist before deciding when to spay or neuter.

Shelter vs. Pet Dog Decisions

Shelters often spay or neuter puppies as early as 8 weeks old. This is mainly for population control. It prevents accidental breeding and helps more dogs find homes quickly.

In private homes, however, timing can be more flexible. Pet owners can wait until the dog is older and stronger—especially if the breed is at risk for joint problems or hormone-related issues.

Why shelters choose early surgery:

• Helps reduce pet overpopulation
• Ensures puppies are adopted already sterilized
• Safe when done by experienced teams

Why pet owners may wait:

• Can time surgery based on breed and size
• Allows better physical and emotional development
• Avoids some early-age health risks

Both choices are valid depending on the situation. The goal is always the same: keeping dogs healthy while preventing unwanted litters.

What Recent Research Says

New studies from top veterinary schools like UC Davis are helping guide better spay/neuter timing. These studies show that one age doesn't fit all dogs.

What research tells us:

• Large breeds like Golden Retrievers, Labs, and Shepherds have higher joint disease risk if sterilized too early.
• Smaller breeds seem less affected by early spay/neuter and often do well with surgery at 6–9 months.
• Delaying neuter in males can reduce the risk of certain cancers and joint problems.
• Early spay in females can reduce mammary cancer risk but may increase chances of incontinence in some breeds.

Breed-specific data is now guiding vets to personalize the timing. For example:

• Golden Retrievers: wait until at least 12–18 months
• Boxers: spaying after first heat may reduce cancer risks
• Vizslas: late neutering lowers joint and lymphoma risks

Ask your vet about recent research that fits your dog’s breed.

How to Make the Right Decision for Your Dog

Every dog is different. The best way to decide on spay or neuter timing is to work closely with your vet. They will look at your dog’s breed, size, age, behavior, and health history to guide the decision.

Use this vet consultation checklist:

• What age is best for my dog’s breed and size?
• Are there any health risks if we wait or go early?
• How will surgery affect behavior or development?
• Is my dog at risk for joint or hormone-related problems?
• What’s the recovery process like?

Other important factors:

• Lifestyle: active working dogs may need different timing
• Training and behavior: fearful dogs may benefit from full hormonal maturity
• Health conditions: some dogs need early surgery for safety

There is no one right answer. The best decision is the one tailored to your dog’s needs, with expert support and up-to-date research.

Conclusion

Spaying or neutering your dog is an important medical decision that affects their health, behavior, and long-term well-being. The best age depends on your dog’s size, breed, lifestyle, and health risks. While the general range of 6–9 months works for many dogs, larger breeds may need to wait longer to avoid joint problems and support full growth.

Hormones play a major role in development, so removing them too early or too late can lead to issues like incontinence, obesity, or orthopedic disease. The best approach is an informed one—talk with your vet, look at breed-specific research, and make a choice based on your individual dog.

There’s no single “perfect” age for every dog, but there is a right age for your dog. Personalized care always leads to better outcomes.

‍

Read more about:

‍

FAQs

When is it too early to spay or neuter a dog?

Spaying or neutering before 6 months of age may be too early for most pet dogs, especially large breeds. Early surgery can affect growth, bone development, and cause hormonal imbalances. In shelters, it's sometimes done at 8 weeks for population control, but private pet owners usually wait longer to reduce health risks.

What is the safest age to spay a female dog?

For small breeds, 6–9 months is usually safe. For large or giant breeds, it’s better to wait until 12 months or even after the first heat. This lowers the risk of joint problems and hormonal side effects like urinary incontinence. Always discuss timing with your vet for your specific dog.

Is it bad to neuter a male dog too late?

Neutering late may lead to unwanted behaviors like marking or aggression, and in older dogs, prostate issues. But in large breeds, waiting until 12–18 months can reduce joint disease and some cancer risks. Late neutering isn’t always bad—it depends on the dog’s breed, behavior, and health.

Does spaying or neutering change a dog’s personality?

Hormonal behaviors like marking, mounting, and roaming usually decrease after surgery. Some dogs become calmer. But core personality traits—like being playful, friendly, or shy—generally stay the same. If done too early, though, it may affect social confidence in certain breeds.

Can my dog get overweight after being spayed or neutered?

Yes, metabolism slows down after sterilization. Dogs may gain weight if their food and activity aren’t adjusted. You can prevent this by feeding slightly less and encouraging regular exercise. Most dogs stay at a healthy weight with proper care after surgery.

‍

What Is a Spay or Neuter Surgery?

Spay and neuter surgeries are routine procedures done to prevent dogs from reproducing. They also help reduce certain health risks and unwanted behaviors linked to hormones.

Spaying is the surgical removal of a female dog’s ovaries and uterus. This procedure is called an ovariohysterectomy. It stops the heat cycle and prevents pregnancy.

Neutering is the surgical removal of a male dog’s testicles. This procedure is called an orchiectomy. It prevents the dog from fathering puppies and reduces hormone-driven behaviors.

These surgeries are done under general anesthesia and are considered safe when performed by a licensed vet.

Why spay or neuter your dog?

• Prevent unwanted litters and reduce pet overpopulation
• Lower cancer risks, like mammary tumors in females or testicular cancer in males
• Reduce hormone-related behaviors such as marking, roaming, or aggression

Spay and neuter surgeries not only help control the dog population but also improve your pet’s health and behavior over time.

Before the Surgery: What to Expect

Before spay or neuter surgery, your dog will go through a few safety steps. These steps help reduce the risk of problems during or after surgery.

What usually happens:

• Fasting for 8–12 hours before surgery to prevent vomiting under anesthesia
• Physical exam and blood work to check liver, kidneys, and overall health
• IV catheter and fluids to support blood pressure and hydration
• Sedation and anesthesia setup for pain-free surgery
• Shaving and antiseptic scrub over the surgical site
• Temperature control using a warming blanket or heating pad

The surgery is done by a licensed veterinarian, often with help from vet technicians who monitor your dog throughout the process. They use sterile tools, clean drapes, and keep a close eye on your dog’s breathing and heart.

Preparing well makes surgery safer and smoother for your dog. Your vet will give you specific instructions to follow the night before the procedure.

‍

What Happens During a Spay Surgery (Females)

Spaying a female dog involves abdominal surgery to remove reproductive organs. It can be done as an ovariectomy (removal of ovaries only) or ovariohysterectomy (removal of ovaries and uterus).

What happens during surgery:

• A midline incision is made on the lower belly
• The vet uses a spay hook to gently lift the ovaries and uterus
• Blood vessels and ligaments are tied off to prevent bleeding
• The ovaries ± uterus are removed
• The area is checked for bleeding or tissue damage

The vet closes the belly in three layers:

1. Muscle layer
2. Subcutaneous tissue (fat layer)
3. Skin layer, which may be sealed with stitches, glue, or staples

This procedure takes longer than neutering and is more complex. However, with proper care, most female dogs recover well and show little pain after surgery.

What Happens During a Neuter Surgery (Males)

Neutering male dogs is a simpler surgery than spaying. It removes the testicles, which stops sperm production and reduces testosterone.

Steps in the procedure:

• A small incision is made near or on the scrotum
• The testicles are pulled out one at a time
• The spermatic cords are tied off with sterile suture
• Each testicle is then removed
• The incision is closed with dissolvable stitches or glue

In some dogs, especially large breeds, a scrotal ablation (removal of the scrotum) may be done to reduce swelling.

If your dog has cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), the vet will search in the abdomen or groin area and remove the testicle from there—this surgery is longer and more complex.

Some swelling or bruising of the scrotum is normal and usually fades within a few days.

‍

Read more about:

‍

During Surgery: Monitoring and Safety

During surgery, your dog is closely monitored to make sure they stay safe and stable. The vet team uses special tools and techniques to track your dog’s vital signs at all times.

Monitoring includes:

• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Oxygen levels
• Temperature

Sterile drapes and instruments help prevent infection. The vet team wears gloves, masks, and gowns to protect your dog during the procedure.

Typical surgery times:

• Neuter surgery: 5–20 minutes
• Spay surgery: 20–90 minutes (longer in large or overweight dogs)

Pain control is given during surgery and again as your dog starts to wake up. This keeps them comfortable and helps with healing.

Your dog’s safety is the top priority. Modern equipment and trained veterinary teams make these surgeries low-risk for healthy pets.

Waking Up: What Your Dog Experiences After Surgery

After surgery, your dog will slowly wake up from anesthesia in a quiet recovery area. This process is closely monitored by the vet team.

What to expect:

• Grogginess and disorientation are common at first
• Some dogs may seem clingy or confused
• Others may be quiet and sleepy for several hours

Most dogs stay in the clinic for a few hours after surgery until they’re fully awake. The staff checks their heart rate, breathing, and incision before sending them home.

Your dog may be more tired than usual, but this is normal. Give them a quiet space to rest when they get home. Let them sleep and avoid excitement for the first day.

The groggy feeling wears off within 24 hours. If your dog seems extremely weak or won’t eat or drink the next day, call your vet.

Post-Surgery Care at Home

Your dog needs quiet rest and close care after spay or neuter surgery. Healing takes about 10–14 days, and the first few days are the most important.

What to do at home:

• Use an E-collar to stop licking or chewing the incision
• Keep your dog indoors and calm—no running, jumping, or rough play
• Make sure the incision stays clean and dry
• Check for redness, swelling, or discharge each day

What to expect:

• Mild appetite loss for 1–2 days
• Lower energy and more sleep
• Gradual return to normal behavior by Day 5–7
• Stitches usually dissolve or are removed around Day 10–14

Follow your vet’s instructions for pain medication and activity limits. Don’t bathe your dog until the incision is fully healed.

If you notice anything unusual, call your vet right away.

When to Call the Vet

It’s normal for dogs to be a little sore after surgery. But some signs mean you should call your vet quickly.

Call your vet if you notice:

• Red, swollen, or hot incision
• Pus or bad-smelling discharge
• Bleeding or the wound opening up
• Your dog licking or chewing the stitches
• Vomiting, refusal to eat, or extreme tiredness

These signs may point to infection or a problem with healing. Your vet may need to check the incision, give antibiotics, or adjust medications.

Quick action can prevent serious complications. When in doubt, it’s always safer to call and ask.

Is It a Same-Day Procedure?

Yes, most spay and neuter surgeries are same-day procedures. Your dog goes home the same evening once they’re fully awake and stable.

What to expect:

• Drop-off in the morning
• Surgery in the late morning or early afternoon
• Pick-up usually by late afternoon or early evening

In rare cases, your vet may recommend overnight care, especially if:

• The dog has health issues
• The surgery was longer or more complex
• There’s concern about pain control or complications

Your vet will let you know if your dog needs extra time at the clinic. But for most healthy dogs, home recovery starts the same day.

Surgery Benefits (Brief Overview)

Spaying or neutering your dog offers both medical and behavioral benefits. It also helps reduce the number of unwanted dogs in shelters.

Key benefits:

• Prevents unwanted pregnancies
• Reduces risk of reproductive cancers (mammary, uterine, testicular)
• Decreases behaviors like marking, roaming, and aggression
• Eliminates heat cycles in females
• Helps pets live longer, healthier lives

While surgery has some risks, most are minor and easily managed. For many dogs, the long-term health benefits far outweigh the short recovery period.

‍

Read more about:

‍

FAQs About Spay and Neuter Surgery

Is spay or neuter surgery painful for dogs?

No, your dog won’t feel pain during surgery because they’re under general anesthesia. After surgery, vets give pain medication to keep your dog comfortable during recovery. Most dogs feel sore for a day or two but return to normal within a week.

How long does it take for a dog to heal after surgery?

Healing usually takes 10 to 14 days. Most dogs act normal by Day 3 to 5, but they still need rest to allow the incision to fully heal. Avoid running, jumping, or baths during this time.

Can my dog eat or drink before surgery?

No. Dogs should fast for 8–12 hours before surgery. This means no food or treats, though small amounts of water may be allowed. Your vet will give you exact instructions.

What are the risks of spay or neuter surgery?

The risks are low but can include bleeding, infection, or bad reactions to anesthesia. Larger or older dogs may need extra monitoring. Your vet will take precautions to keep the surgery as safe as possible.

Will my dog gain weight after being fixed?

It’s possible. After surgery, your dog’s metabolism slows slightly. If you don’t adjust their food and exercise, they may gain weight. Keeping them active and feeding the right amount prevents this.

‍

Understanding the Average Cost of FHO Surgery

The cost of Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) surgery for dogs typically ranges from $1,000 to $2,500 per hip in the United States. Prices can vary based on location, clinic type, surgeon experience, and whether follow-up care is included.

For dogs needing bilateral FHO (both hips), the cost may double, ranging from $2,000 to $4,500, especially if the procedures are staged. Some clinics offer discounted rates when both surgeries are performed at the same facility.

Real-world reports from dog owners show a range:

• $1,200 for a single hip at a rural clinic
• $2,800 at a specialty hospital with advanced pain management
• Around $2,000 total at a veterinary school

Always ask what the estimate includes—such as exams, anesthesia, pain meds, and post-op visits—so you can compare true value, not just the base price.

What’s Usually Included in the FHO Surgery Cost

When you receive an estimate for Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO), it typically covers a range of services. Understanding what’s included helps avoid surprise expenses.

Most FHO packages include:

• Pre-surgical diagnostics such as bloodwork, X-rays, and possibly urinalysis to assess health and confirm the hip issue
• Anesthesia and surgical fees, which are the main components of the cost
• Medications, including pain relief, antibiotics, and sedatives
• Post-operative monitoring during the hospital stay (usually same-day or overnight)
• Discharge items, such as an e-collar, pain medications, and care instructions

Some clinics may also include initial follow-up visits or suture removal in the quote, while others charge these separately. It’s important to ask your vet for a detailed breakdown.

Advanced facilities or specialty surgeons may also include imaging like CT scans or nerve blocks for pain management. Keep in mind that not all FHO cost estimates are equal—some may appear cheaper but leave out essential care items. Always confirm what’s included to compare true value, not just sticker price.

Key Factors That Affect the Total Cost

The total cost of FHO surgery varies depending on several key factors specific to your dog and where you seek treatment.

• Size, weight, and age of the dog: Larger dogs may require more anesthesia, longer surgical time, and stronger post-op medications, all of which can raise the price.
• Severity of the hip issue: Complicated cases, chronic arthritis, or past injuries may require additional imaging or surgical steps.
• Location: Veterinary pricing can vary widely by region. Urban specialty hospitals typically cost more than rural general practices.
• Vet experience and facility type: Board-certified surgeons and advanced animal hospitals may charge more, but they also offer specialized care.
• Extras like rehab or follow-ups: Some clinics include these, others don’t. If not included, these services add to the total.

If both hips are affected, bilateral FHO will nearly double the cost unless discounts are applied. Always ask your vet about these influencing factors upfront to get a realistic idea of your final bill.

Cost Comparison: FHO vs. Other Hip Surgeries

When comparing FHO to other hip surgeries, the cost differences are significant—and often tied to your dog’s size and long-term needs.

• FHO vs. Total Hip Replacement (THR): THR typically costs $4,000 to $8,000 per hip. It restores normal joint anatomy using implants and is ideal for large, active dogs. FHO, at $1,000–$2,500, is more affordable and still effective for small to medium-sized dogs.
• FHO vs. DPO/TPO (Double or Triple Pelvic Osteotomy): These surgeries are used in young dogs with early hip dysplasia and cost $3,000–$5,000 per hip. They are more complex and only suitable for specific age and skeletal conditions.
• FHO vs. JPS (Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis): JPS is preventive and done in very young puppies. It's less costly (~$500–$1,000) but must be timed early, making it less common.

FHO becomes the more practical choice when budget, age, or breed size limit other surgical options. It provides effective pain relief without implants or extensive bone reshaping.

Does Pet Insurance Cover FHO Surgery?

Yes, many pet insurance plans cover FHO surgery, especially if the condition is not considered pre-existing. Policies often reimburse for:

• Surgical fees
• Hospital stay
• Diagnostics like bloodwork and imaging
• Prescribed medications and follow-up visits

However, pre-existing conditions can affect eligibility. If your dog was diagnosed with hip issues before coverage began, FHO may be excluded. Some plans also have waiting periods for orthopedic claims, which vary by provider.

To confirm coverage:

• Check your policy details and exclusions
• Ask the insurer if FHO is covered and under what conditions
• Submit a pre-authorization request before surgery, if your provider allows it

Also, consider whether rehab is covered, as this varies widely. Some comprehensive plans reimburse for physical therapy, while basic plans may not. Understanding your policy ahead of time ensures you’re financially prepared and can plan confidently for your dog’s care.

Rehabilitation Costs: Included or Extra?

Rehabilitation after FHO surgery plays a key role in recovery—but it's not always included in the base surgery cost. Most clinics charge separately for these services.

Common rehab components include:

• Physical therapy sessions for strength and joint movement
• Hydrotherapy, which uses underwater treadmills to reduce impact
• Laser therapy or massage to manage pain and stiffness

Costs vary widely, with rehab packages averaging $50 to $100 per session, depending on location and service type. Some dogs need several weeks of therapy, while others recover with at-home exercises and guided check-ins.

While these services add to the overall bill, they improve recovery speed, muscle rebuilding, and long-term joint function—especially in larger dogs or those with pre-existing weakness. Some pet insurance plans reimburse rehab, so check your coverage.

If your budget is tight, ask your vet which rehab elements are most essential and whether at-home guidance can be provided to support recovery affordably.

Is FHO Surgery Cost-Effective in the Long Run?

Yes, Femoral Head Ostectomy is often one of the most cost-effective surgical options for treating severe hip pain—especially in small to medium-sized dogs. It provides lasting relief without the need for implants or highly specialized equipment.

While the upfront cost ranges from $1,000 to $2,500, most dogs recover well and don’t require long-term medications or additional surgery. This can be a huge financial benefit compared to ongoing pain management or the higher costs of Total Hip Replacement.

That said, long-term success depends on proper rehab and follow-up care. In large dogs or those with delayed treatment, complications like limb shortening, muscle imbalance, or persistent pain may arise, potentially increasing future costs.

For suitable candidates, FHO often allows dogs to live pain-free, active lives, with minimal long-term expenses. The initial investment typically pays off in quality of life and reduced veterinary care over time—making it a high-value option for many pet owners.

FAQs

Is FHO cheaper than total hip replacement?

Yes, Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) is significantly cheaper than Total Hip Replacement (THR). FHO typically costs $1,000 to $2,500 per hip, while THR can cost $4,000 to $8,000 per hip. FHO doesn’t require implants or advanced surgical tools, making it more accessible for many pet owners. While THR offers better joint function in large dogs, FHO remains a more budget-friendly option with good long-term outcomes in smaller breeds.

Can I finance my dog’s FHO surgery?

Yes, many veterinary clinics offer financing options through third-party services like CareCredit, Scratchpay, or in-house payment plans. These can help split the cost into monthly payments, making surgery more manageable. It's a good idea to ask your vet about available financing early in the planning process. Be sure to check interest rates, terms, and approval requirements so you can choose a plan that fits your budget.

Do prices change based on breed or weight?

Yes, your dog’s size and weight can affect the total cost of FHO surgery. Larger dogs require more anesthesia, longer surgical time, and often stronger post-op medications, which can increase the bill. Some breeds may also have unique anatomical challenges that require extra care or diagnostics. Smaller dogs usually fall at the lower end of the cost range. Always ask your vet for a breed- and size-specific estimate.

Can I do FHO surgery at a university vet hospital?

Yes, veterinary teaching hospitals often perform FHO surgery at slightly reduced rates compared to private clinics. These procedures are done by advanced students under close supervision from board-certified surgeons. Many university hospitals offer high-quality care with modern facilities. If cost is a concern and you live near a veterinary school, this can be a good way to access expert-level surgery at a more affordable price.

Is it safe to only operate on one hip if both are affected?

Yes, it is often safe and effective to operate on one hip first, especially if one side is more painful or functionally limiting. This staged approach allows your dog to use the stronger leg during recovery. The second hip can be monitored and addressed later if needed. Many dogs adjust well with one surgery and don’t always require the second hip to be treated, depending on symptoms and mobility.

‍

What Is Medial Patellar Luxation (MPL)?

Medial Patellar Luxation (MPL) is a condition where a dog’s kneecap (patella) slips out of its normal groove in the femur and moves toward the inside of the leg. It’s one of the most common orthopedic problems in small breeds but can affect dogs of any size.

Dogs with MPL may show signs like skipping, limping, or bunny-hopping in the hind leg. Some dogs quickly return to normal movement, while others develop more frequent or painful episodes. The condition is typically graded on a scale of 1 to 4, with Grade 1 being mild (occasional luxation with no pain) and Grade 4 being severe (permanent dislocation, pain, and limited function).

Over time, untreated MPL can lead to joint wear, arthritis, or ligament damage. Early diagnosis and treatment—ranging from conservative care to surgery—help improve outcomes and reduce long-term complications.

What Are Braces for Patellar Luxation?

Braces for patellar luxation are orthopedic devices designed to stabilize the dog’s knee and reduce kneecap movement. These braces help support soft tissues around the joint, improving alignment and reducing pain during activity.

Most braces are made from soft, flexible neoprene or rigid molded supports, depending on the severity of luxation. They typically wrap around the leg with adjustable straps to hold the patella in place during walking or light exercise. Some designs have hinges to allow controlled motion while limiting side-to-side movement.

Vets may recommend braces in mild or moderate cases (Grades 1–2), especially when surgery isn’t immediately needed. They are also used during rehabilitation after surgery or for senior dogs who aren’t good surgical candidates. While braces don’t fix the structural issue, they can reduce symptoms, improve comfort, and delay the need for surgery when used properly with weight management and activity control.

How Effective Are Braces for MPL?

Braces can help manage mild to moderate medial patellar luxation (MPL), but their effectiveness has limits. Many dogs show reduced limping, improved stability, and increased comfort when wearing a brace—especially in Grade 1 or 2 cases. Real-world results vary, though, depending on brace fit, compliance, and the dog’s activity level.

While braces may offer short-term relief, they do not correct the anatomical problem. As a result, recurrence of symptoms is common once the brace is removed or not worn consistently. Long-term use may also lead to muscle atrophy, since the brace reduces workload on the leg. This can make the knee even less stable over time.

Another drawback is limited range of motion, especially with rigid braces. Some dogs tolerate this well; others may resist wearing the brace entirely. Braces can be helpful as part of a non-surgical management plan—including weight control, activity restriction, and physical therapy—but they are not a cure. For lasting results, especially in progressing or high-grade cases, surgery remains the more effective option.

What Does Surgery Involve for MPL?

Surgery for medial patellar luxation (MPL) aims to permanently correct the kneecap’s position and restore stable movement. The procedure your dog receives depends on the severity and any underlying bone deformities.

Common surgical techniques include:

• Trochlear sulcoplasty: Deepening the groove in the femur so the patella fits securely
• Tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT): Shifting the attachment point of the patellar tendon to realign pull
• Soft tissue balancing: Tightening or loosening tendons and ligaments around the joint

These procedures may be used alone or combined based on the individual case. Surgery directly addresses the mechanical cause of luxation, offering a long-term solution rather than temporary support.

The typical recovery time ranges from 8 to 12 weeks, depending on age, grade, and whether one or both legs are treated. Dogs usually start gentle weight-bearing within days, followed by structured rehab to rebuild muscle. Post-op care includes crate rest, leash walks, pain meds, and follow-up exams to monitor healing. With proper care, most dogs regain stable, comfortable movement and significantly reduced risk of recurrence.

Braces vs. Surgery: Side-by-Side Comparison

When comparing braces vs. surgery for MPL, it’s important to consider effectiveness, severity, and long-term results.

• Effectiveness in mild cases (Grade 1–2): Braces can help reduce symptoms and delay surgery. They support the joint during movement but don’t stop progression. Surgery is not always needed in early cases if the dog remains stable and pain-free.
• Effectiveness in severe cases (Grade 3–4): Surgery is the clear choice. Braces won’t correct permanent dislocation or severe pain.
• Recurrence rates: Braced dogs often relapse once the brace is removed or becomes less effective. Surgery has a much lower risk of recurrence, especially with proper rehab.

Surgery provides better long-term joint function and prevents secondary issues like cartilage damage or cruciate ligament tears. Braces are non-invasive and less costly but do not improve joint structure. For dogs needing full mobility and comfort, especially active breeds or working dogs, surgery remains the gold standard. Braces may still have value in select cases, but they are typically part of a conservative management plan—not a substitute for correction.

‍

Read more:

‍

Which Dogs Are Better Suited for Braces?

Braces can be a good option for certain dogs with mild or early-stage MPL (Grades 1–2) who don’t yet show signs of ongoing pain or instability. These cases benefit most when symptoms are intermittent and managed with lifestyle adjustments.

Braces are especially useful for:

• Older dogs who are not good surgical candidates due to age or underlying health issues
• Dogs with heart, kidney, or anesthetic risks that make surgery unsafe
• Dogs with low to moderate activity levels, especially indoor pets
• Lightweight or small breeds, where joint forces are lower

Puppies with mild signs may also be monitored with bracing while they finish growing. In these cases, vets aim to slow progression and maintain joint comfort until skeletal maturity.

However, even when braces are used, they work best as part of a full plan that includes physical therapy, weight management, and activity restrictions. Bracing alone rarely prevents worsening in moderate to severe cases. Regular vet follow-ups are important to assess progression and adjust treatment if needed.

When Is Surgery the Better Option?

Surgery becomes the better choice when a dog shows frequent or severe kneecap dislocation, or when bracing and conservative care fail to control symptoms.

Surgical correction is typically recommended when:

• Grade 3 or 4 MPL is diagnosed
• The kneecap is permanently out of place or luxates daily
• The dog shows significant lameness or pain
• The condition affects both knees, causing difficulty walking
• The dog is active, athletic, or working, needing full joint function

In these cases, delaying surgery may lead to joint damage, arthritis, or ligament tears like cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries. These complications make recovery harder and more expensive later.

Surgery restores alignment and reduces stress on surrounding tissues. It gives dogs the best chance for long-term comfort and stable use of the leg. Dogs that have already tried bracing without improvement are often excellent surgical candidates. A full evaluation—including X-rays and orthopedic exam—helps your vet determine if surgery is the most effective and appropriate next step.

‍

Read more:

‍

‍

Cost and Recovery: What to Expect

Bracing is often more affordable upfront, but results vary. A high-quality dog knee brace typically costs $150–$500, depending on size and customization. There may also be costs for physical therapy, vet rechecks, and replacing worn-out braces. Some dogs need multiple fittings before finding the right support.

Surgery for MPL costs between $1,500 and $3,500 per knee, depending on the severity and region. This includes anesthesia, surgical procedure, hospital stay, pain meds, and post-op follow-ups. If both knees are treated, the cost doubles—though some clinics offer discounts for staged procedures.

Recovery time for bracing is shorter, often just a few days of adjustment. However, long-term use can cause issues like muscle loss or skin irritation. Surgery requires a longer healing period—typically 8–12 weeks—with crate rest, leash walks, and physical therapy.

Ultimately, surgery provides more durable results. Bracing may cost less at first but could lead to added expenses if symptoms worsen or additional care is needed later.

Final Decision: What’s Best for Your Dog?

Choosing between bracing and surgery depends on your dog’s MPL grade, age, activity level, and overall health. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer, but understanding the benefits and limits of each option will help you make the right decision.

• Braces are best for mild cases, older dogs, or when surgery isn’t possible due to medical or financial reasons.
• Surgery is ideal for moderate to severe luxation, active dogs, or when conservative care fails.

Talk to your vet or a board-certified surgeon about:

• How advanced is the luxation?
• Is your dog in pain or losing muscle?
• What are the risks of delaying treatment?
• What’s your budget and capacity for post-op care?

Together, you’ll weigh cost, comfort, and quality of life. With the right plan—surgical or non-surgical—most dogs with MPL can return to a happy, mobile life.

‍

Read more:

‍

FAQs

Can a brace cure medial patellar luxation?

No, a brace cannot cure medial patellar luxation (MPL). Braces help manage symptoms by stabilizing the knee and reducing pain, especially in mild cases. However, they do not correct the underlying bone or soft tissue issues causing the kneecap to dislocate. Braces are a supportive option, not a permanent fix. Surgery is the only way to structurally realign the joint and prevent long-term damage.

How long does it take for a brace to show results?

Most dogs show some improvement within 1 to 2 weeks of consistent brace use. You may notice reduced limping, fewer skipping steps, and more comfort during walks. However, results depend on brace fit, usage consistency, and the severity of the luxation. Keep in mind, braces work best when combined with weight control and limited activity, especially in Grade 1 or 2 cases.

Is surgery risky for older dogs with MPL?

Surgery in older dogs does carry more risk, but many senior dogs still recover well with proper screening and care. Vets will evaluate your dog’s heart, kidney, and overall health before surgery. An experienced surgical team can manage anesthesia safely. If your older dog is in chronic pain or losing mobility, surgery may greatly improve comfort and quality of life.

Can a dog go from brace to surgery later?

Yes, many dogs start with bracing and move to surgery later if symptoms worsen or braces stop working. This approach can buy time, especially in mild cases or when owners need to prepare for surgery costs. Your vet will monitor progression and recommend surgery when conservative care no longer provides relief. Early planning helps ensure a smooth transition if surgery becomes necessary.

What if I can’t afford MPL surgery?

If surgery isn’t affordable right now, bracing, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms in the short term. Focus on maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding stairs or jumping, and using joint supplements. Ask your vet about payment plans or surgical assistance programs. In some cases, non-profit or teaching hospitals may offer lower-cost surgery options. Prioritizing comfort and regular checkups is key.

‍

What’s the Difference Between FHO and THR?

Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) and Total Hip Replacement (THR) are two surgeries used to treat severe hip problems in dogs, but they work in very different ways.

FHO involves removing the femoral head, the ball part of the hip joint. After removal, the body forms a fibrous false joint made of soft tissue. This structure cushions the joint and allows pain-free movement, though some function may be reduced.

In contrast, THR replaces both the femoral head and the socket with artificial implants, creating a new, smooth joint surface. This restores full joint structure and offers more natural motion, especially in large or active dogs.

FHO is simpler and less expensive but may not offer the same range of motion. THR gives better joint function but is more complex and costly, requiring careful case selection and recovery.

Which Dogs Are Best Suited for Each Surgery?

Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) and Total Hip Replacement (THR) are selected based on a dog’s size, age, and activity level.

FHO is generally better for small to medium-sized dogs, usually under 20–25 kg (45–55 lbs). These dogs often adapt well to the false joint formed after surgery. FHO is also used in cases where cost is a concern or when other health issues make THR too risky.

THR is ideal for larger dogs or highly active breeds, especially those who need full joint function for work, running, or athletic play. It offers more natural movement and strength.

Age is another factor. THR requires skeletal maturity, usually around 10–12 months old, to ensure stable implant placement. FHO can be performed at younger ages in some cases.

Lifestyle also plays a role. FHO suits lower-energy dogs or those with mild muscle loss. THR is better for dogs expected to return to high activity. Your vet will assess your dog’s build, age, and daily function to guide the best surgical choice.

Comparing Surgery Risks and Complexity

FHO and THR differ in complexity and risk, and choosing the right one involves understanding what each surgery requires.

• FHO is considered a less invasive and technically simpler procedure. It involves removing the femoral head without entering the joint capsule deeply. Complications are rare, and recovery is usually straightforward in smaller dogs.
• THR, on the other hand, is a more advanced surgery. It requires specialized implants, precise bone cuts, and careful placement of both the socket and ball components. This surgery takes longer, needs a highly trained surgeon, and carries greater risks—especially related to anesthesia, infection, and implant complications.

Despite these risks, THR is often preferred when joint function must be fully restored, such as in large breeds with severe arthritis or dysplasia. FHO may be favored for dogs with medical concerns, budget limits, or when joint damage is not extensive.

Your vet or surgeon will weigh these factors—including recovery potential and long-term goals—before recommending the most suitable approach.

Cost Comparison: FHO vs. THR

The cost of FHO and THR can vary based on your location, the veterinary surgeon’s expertise, and your dog’s specific case.

• FHO surgery typically costs $1,000 to $2,500. This often includes pre-op bloodwork, surgery, pain meds, and follow-up care.
• THR is more expensive, ranging from $4,000 to $8,000 per hip, depending on implant type and facility. It also covers X-rays, advanced anesthesia, implant materials, surgical fees, and longer post-op monitoring.

FHO has a lower upfront cost and fewer material needs, making it more accessible for many dog owners. However, THR may offer better long-term function, especially in large or active dogs—possibly reducing future rehab costs or mobility issues.

It’s important to consider both short-term affordability and long-term quality of life. While THR is more expensive, the improved comfort and mobility may justify the higher cost in many cases. Your vet will help break down what's included in the estimate so you can make an informed decision.

Recovery Time and Rehabilitation Needs

Both FHO and THR require careful recovery, but the timelines and expectations differ.

• FHO recovery is typically shorter. Dogs often begin weight-bearing within a few days to 1 week, and most regain good walking ability by 4–6 weeks. Physical therapy is key to rebuilding strength and balance. Exercises start slowly and progress over 6–12 weeks.
• THR recovery takes longer and is more structured. Dogs are usually confined to limited movement for 6–8 weeks, with leash walks and controlled rehab. Physical therapy focuses on restoring range of motion, balance, and joint use. Full recovery can take 12–16 weeks or longer.

In both cases, post-op care includes pain control, anti-inflammatory meds, suture removal, and vet follow-ups. Jumping, running, and rough play are restricted during early healing.

THR requires more frequent rechecks to monitor implant placement. FHO patients benefit from consistent at-home exercises and hydrotherapy. While both procedures lead to good outcomes, success depends heavily on owner compliance with rehab and post-op instructions.

Long-Term Outcomes: What to Expect

Both FHO and THR offer good long-term results, but they differ in joint function and comfort over time.

• FHO creates a fibrous false joint. Dogs typically regain strong mobility and pain relief, though a slight limp or reduced range of motion may persist. Most small to medium-sized dogs do very well, especially with early physical therapy. Muscle tone often returns gradually, though some asymmetry may remain.
• THR offers the most natural joint function, especially in larger breeds. Dogs usually regain a smooth gait, full leg use, and a higher level of physical activity. Once fully healed, many dogs return to running, swimming, and even agility work with no visible lameness.

Both procedures dramatically improve quality of life for dogs suffering from hip pain. Reported satisfaction is high among owners for both surgeries when post-op care is followed closely.

Overall, THR provides superior function but requires more investment. FHO is a reliable alternative with fewer resources needed—especially for dogs not demanding peak performance.

Potential Complications to Watch For

Each surgery has its own set of possible complications, though most dogs recover well when care is properly managed.

FHO complications may include:

• Persistent or returning pain
• Limb shortening causing mild gait changes
• Weakness or instability in the operated leg
• Delayed or incomplete muscle regrowth

These are more likely in large dogs or those who skip rehab.

THR complications can be more serious, including:

• Implant dislocation if the joint isn’t protected during healing
• Infection, which may require implant removal
• Loosening or wear of the implant over time
• Nerve injury during the procedure (rare)

Strict post-op restrictions help avoid most issues. THR requires more frequent checkups to monitor implant stability, especially in active dogs.

In both surgeries, careful follow-up, pain management, and rehab are key to preventing problems. If signs like swelling, limping, or reluctance to use the leg return, prompt veterinary attention is needed.

Making the Right Choice for Your Dog

Choosing between FHO and THR depends on your dog’s size, lifestyle, pain level, and your resources. Here’s a simple way to look at it:

• FHO is practical for small to medium-sized dogs, dogs with lower activity needs, or owners seeking a more affordable and lower-risk solution. It offers good pain relief and function, especially with early rehab.
• THR is ideal for larger, active dogs or those needing more complete joint restoration. It provides a smooth, stable joint and excellent mobility but requires more aftercare and cost.

Questions to discuss with your vet:

• Is my dog a candidate for THR based on size and health?
• How severe is the hip damage, and can FHO provide enough relief?
• What post-op care and rehab will be required in each case?
• Are there any risks based on my dog’s age or condition?

A thoughtful discussion with your veterinary surgeon ensures the best outcome for your dog’s comfort and mobility.

FAQs

Is FHO or THR better for large dogs?

Total Hip Replacement (THR) is generally the better option for large dogs. It restores full joint function, offers better limb alignment, and reduces long-term joint stress. While some large dogs do well with FHO, they may have ongoing weakness or limping due to the false joint. THR provides more stable, pain-free movement and is often recommended when size and activity demands are high.

Can my dog walk normally after FHO?

Yes, many dogs walk normally after Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO), especially smaller breeds. While some dogs may have a slight limp or reduced range of motion, most regain strong walking ability and are pain-free. With proper rehab, muscle strength improves and compensates for the missing joint, allowing dogs to walk, run, and play comfortably in daily life.

How long does it take to recover from THR?

Recovery from Total Hip Replacement typically takes 12 to 16 weeks. Dogs are kept on restricted activity for the first 6–8 weeks, followed by gradual rehab. Physical therapy, controlled leash walks, and regular vet checks help ensure proper healing. Most dogs return to full activity and comfort by 4 months, though some may need longer based on age or fitness.

Is FHO painful for dogs long-term?

FHO usually provides long-lasting pain relief, especially when performed early and followed by rehab. Some dogs may experience minor discomfort or muscle imbalance long-term, especially large breeds. However, most dogs don’t show signs of pain and adjust well to the false joint. Consistent exercise, healthy weight, and muscle support help maintain comfort over time.

What happens if I can’t afford THR?

If THR is not affordable, FHO is a reliable alternative—especially for small or medium dogs. It’s less expensive and still offers pain relief and good mobility when combined with rehab. In some cases, conservative management (like weight control, joint supplements, and physical therapy) may help delay surgery. Your vet can guide you on the best budget-friendly plan for your dog’s needs.

Can a failed FHO be corrected with THR later?

Yes, Total Hip Replacement can be performed after a failed FHO, though the surgery is more complex. Scar tissue, bone changes, or muscle atrophy from the earlier procedure may affect implant placement. Still, experienced surgeons can often restore function and comfort with THR. If FHO doesn’t relieve pain or causes long-term issues, THR may be a viable second option.

‍

What Is a Luxating Patella in Dogs?

A luxating patella means the dog’s kneecap (patella) slips out of its normal groove in the thigh bone. Instead of gliding smoothly when the knee bends, the patella pops to the side. This causes pain, limping, or skipping during movement.

Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is the most common type, where the kneecap shifts inward toward the other leg. It’s more frequent than lateral luxation, which moves outward and is usually seen in larger breeds.

In bilateral MPL, both knees are affected. Dogs may show lameness in both hind limbs, bunny-hopping, or trouble rising and walking. Symptoms can appear on one side first but usually involve both knees over time. Bilateral cases can range from mild to severe and may require surgery to correct pain, improve limb use, and prevent long-term joint damage.

Why Do Some Dogs Get MPL in Both Knees?

Bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL) often develops due to genetic and anatomical reasons. Some dogs are born with shallow grooves in their femur bones, which don’t hold the kneecap in place well. Over time, this leads to luxation—often in both legs.

Small breeds are more prone to bilateral MPL. Dogs like Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, and Toy Poodles are commonly affected. These breeds tend to have inherited bone structures that don’t properly support the patella during movement.

Another major factor is limb alignment. If a dog’s legs are naturally bowed or rotated, it puts abnormal pressure on both knees. This uneven force allows the patella to move out of place in both limbs. Bone deformities in the femur or tibia, or tight soft tissues, also contribute.

Because these traits are often present in both hind limbs, it’s not unusual for both knees to develop MPL. In many cases, one side starts showing symptoms first, but the second knee usually follows. Early diagnosis helps prevent worsening on both sides.

Signs of Bilateral MPL You Should Watch For

When both knees are affected by MPL, the symptoms are often more noticeable and can affect your dog’s daily life. One of the most common signs is a skipping gait—your dog may hop with both back legs off the ground, especially during fast movement. This happens when both kneecaps slip out of place.

Other warning signs include:

• Limping or stiffness in both hind legs
• Bunny-hopping while walking or running
• Difficulty getting up from rest or lying down
• Reluctance to climb stairs or jump onto furniture
• Occasional yelps when moving awkwardly

Some dogs may try to avoid using their hind legs altogether or shift more weight to their front limbs. This can lead to muscle loss in the back legs and an arched posture over time.

Because bilateral MPL affects both knees, these signs can be harder to spot than a limp on one side. Owners might think their dog is just lazy or tired, especially in small breeds that don’t show pain clearly. But early signs like bunny-hopping or hesitation with movement usually indicate both knees are involved. Timely vet evaluation can confirm the condition and guide treatment before it worsens.

‍

Read more:

• MPL Surgery Cost for Dogs
• Is Surgery Necessary for Medial Patellar Luxation in Dogs?
• Medial Patellar Luxation Grades Explained
• Success Rates of Medial Patellar Luxation Surgery

‍

How Vets Grade Bilateral MPL

Veterinarians use a grading system from 1 to 4 to assess the severity of patellar luxation in each knee. In bilateral MPL, both knees are evaluated separately, but treatment planning considers the overall effect on the dog.

• Grade 1: The kneecap moves out of place with pressure but returns on its own. Dogs often show no signs.
• Grade 2: The patella slips out more easily and may stay luxated briefly. Dogs may limp or skip occasionally.
• Grade 3: The kneecap is out most of the time but can be pushed back manually. Dogs often have persistent limping.
• Grade 4: The patella is permanently luxated and cannot be moved back. This causes severe lameness and structural changes.

Each grade reflects how unstable the joint is. Dogs with different grades on each leg may use one leg more than the other, but bilateral issues still impact both limbs over time. Grading helps determine whether surgery is needed and which leg to operate on first. It also guides rehab and long-term care planning.

‍

Read more:

‍

How Bilateral MPL Is Diagnosed

Diagnosing bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL) begins with a detailed physical exam. During the exam, the vet palpates both knees to feel how easily the kneecaps move out of place. The dog may be gently walked or trotted so the vet can observe signs like limping, skipping, or uneven gait.

Radiographs (X-rays) are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis. They show the alignment of the kneecap, femur, and tibia. In more complex or severe cases, especially with suspected bone deformities, CT scans may be recommended for a more detailed view of joint anatomy. Both knees are evaluated, even if symptoms appear worse on one side.

Early and accurate detection is key to successful treatment. Identifying the grade of luxation in each knee helps guide the right plan—whether that means monitoring, conservative care, or surgery. Since bilateral MPL can worsen over time, even mild cases should be regularly checked. Timely diagnosis helps prevent pain, joint damage, and complications in both knees, especially in young or small-breed dogs.

Treatment Options: Conservative vs Surgical

Not all cases of bilateral MPL require surgery. Mild or early-stage luxation (Grade 1 or 2) can often be managed conservatively—especially if the dog is not in pain and stays active.

Conservative treatment includes:

• Weight management: Reducing excess weight lowers stress on the joints
• Joint supplements: Products containing glucosamine and chondroitin may support cartilage health
• Controlled activity: Limiting jumping and fast running helps avoid injury
• Physical therapy: Light exercises can help build muscle and support knee stability

This approach works best for smaller dogs with low-grade luxation who aren’t showing consistent lameness. However, if symptoms worsen or if the patella dislocates frequently, surgery becomes necessary.

Vets typically recommend surgery for Grade 3 and 4 luxations or if both knees are causing discomfort and mobility issues. The decision depends on the dog’s quality of life, level of pain, and risk of long-term joint damage if left untreated.

Surgical Options for Bilateral MPL

When surgery is needed for bilateral MPL, the goal is to restore normal patella alignment and joint function. Surgeons may use one or more of these procedures:

• Trochleoplasty: Deepening the groove in the femur to hold the patella in place
• Tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT): Repositioning the bony attachment of the patellar tendon
• Soft tissue balancing: Tightening or releasing tissues to improve kneecap tracking

Some dogs may also need bone reshaping or correction if limb deformities contribute to the luxation. Each knee is assessed individually, and the surgical plan is tailored to the severity on each side.

For bilateral cases, vets may stage the surgeries—correcting one knee first, then the second after initial recovery. This reduces stress during rehab and allows the dog to use one stable leg. In select cases, both knees may be operated on at once, but only if the dog’s health and recovery environment are well controlled. The decision depends on age, weight, support at home, and overall health.

‍

Read more:

‍

What to Expect After Bilateral Surgery

Recovery from bilateral MPL surgery requires patience and planning. Whether surgeries are done together or separately, dogs need strict rest and restricted movement for the first 4 to 6 weeks. Crate rest, short leash walks, and avoiding stairs or furniture are essential.

• Timeline: Weight-bearing usually starts within 1–2 weeks. Stronger walking returns by 4–6 weeks, and full recovery may take 3–4 months per leg.
• Post-op care: Pain medication, anti-inflammatories, and ice therapy help in the early days.
• Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and hydrotherapy build strength, restore motion, and prevent stiffness.

Follow-up visits are important to monitor progress, remove sutures, and assess healing through exams or X-rays. If only one leg is repaired first, the second surgery is often scheduled 6–8 weeks later, depending on the dog’s progress. Owners should be prepared for close monitoring and regular vet guidance during recovery.

Long-Term Outlook for Dogs With Bilateral MPL

With proper treatment, most dogs with bilateral MPL do very well long-term. The prognosis depends on the grade of luxation and treatment method. Dogs with mild cases managed conservatively can live comfortably with lifestyle changes and monitoring.

For those who undergo surgery:

• Over 90% return to normal or near-normal activity, especially small to medium-sized breeds
• Many regain the ability to walk, run, and play without pain
• Regular rehab and weight control support long-term success

However, untreated or poorly managed bilateral MPL can lead to complications. Chronic luxation causes cartilage wear, arthritis, and even rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). These issues make future treatment more complex and reduce quality of life.

Timely surgery, rehab, and follow-up care give the best outcomes. With the right plan, most dogs can enjoy a happy, active life—even after dealing with MPL in both knees.

‍

Read more:

‍

FAQs

Is it common for dogs to have MPL in both legs?

Yes, it’s fairly common for dogs—especially small breeds—to develop medial patellar luxation (MPL) in both knees. Genetic factors and limb alignment often affect both legs equally. Even if signs appear on one side first, the second knee may develop symptoms later. Bilateral cases are more likely in breeds like Pomeranians, Yorkies, and Toy Poodles.

Can my dog walk normally after bilateral MPL surgery?

Most dogs regain normal or near-normal walking after bilateral MPL surgery, especially with good post-op care and physical therapy. Some dogs may have a mild limp during recovery, but this usually improves with time. Once healing is complete, many dogs return to regular activity, including running and playing, without ongoing pain.

How long is recovery if both knees are treated?

If both knees are treated (either together or one at a time), full recovery can take 4 to 6 months. Initial weight-bearing starts within 1–2 weeks. Dogs typically walk better by 4–6 weeks per leg. Physical therapy and vet follow-ups help track healing and speed up muscle strength return.

Should both knees be operated at the same time?

In some cases, yes—both knees can be operated on at the same time, especially in smaller, lighter dogs with strong home care support. However, most vets prefer staging the surgeries, treating one knee first and the other after recovery. This reduces stress and makes rehab easier for the dog and caregiver.

Is surgery always needed for bilateral MPL?

No, not always. Mild cases (Grade 1 or 2) in both knees may be managed with weight control, supplements, and activity changes. But if your dog shows frequent limping, pain, or reduced mobility, surgery becomes necessary. Your vet will grade both knees and recommend the best course based on your dog’s comfort and function.

What happens if I don’t treat MPL in both knees?

Untreated bilateral MPL can lead to chronic pain, joint damage, and arthritis. Over time, the abnormal movement wears down cartilage, affects muscle balance, and increases the risk of ligament injuries like cruciate tears. Delaying treatment can make surgery more complex and limit long-term success. Early intervention offers the best outcome.

‍

Does FHO Surgery Improve a Dog’s Long-Term Quality of Life?

• Pain reduction over time
  Most dogs experience steady pain relief as healing progresses. The removal of the femoral head eliminates bone-on-bone contact, which greatly reduces chronic discomfort.
• Overall comfort in daily activities
  Dogs typically return to normal or near-normal activity levels after recovery. They walk, run, and play comfortably, especially when rehab exercises are followed properly.
• Owner satisfaction reports
  Studies show that 83–96% of dog owners report positive long-term outcomes after FHO surgery. This includes restored mobility, better temperament, and improved energy levels.

Over time, dogs regain function in the affected limb and adapt well to the “false joint.” While minor gait changes can remain, they usually don’t affect the dog’s comfort or activity. With proper care, most dogs enjoy a pain-free life and stay active for years after FHO.

How Well Do Dogs Walk After FHO Surgery?

Most dogs walk well after FHO surgery, especially once the healing process is complete.

• Gait returns to near-normal: Within a few weeks, many dogs start walking and even trotting with minimal signs of discomfort.
• Mild limps or bunny-hopping may appear: Some dogs develop minor adaptations like a mechanical limp or occasional bunny-hopping, especially during fast movement. These don’t usually affect daily function.
• Recovery timeline: Most dogs begin bearing weight in 1–2 weeks. Comfortable walking is often seen by 4–6 weeks, with near-full recovery taking 3–6 months.

Smaller breeds often recover faster and with fewer visible changes. For larger dogs, it might take more time and support. Still, pain reduction is quick, and quality of life improves significantly after surgery. Owners often report their dogs appear more active and willing to move shortly after the initial recovery period.

What Physical Changes Might Persist After Surgery?

After FHO, some physical changes can remain long-term, even with good recovery.

• Muscle atrophy: The thigh and hip muscles may shrink due to pre-surgical limping or disuse. While rehab helps, full muscle mass may not return.
• Leg shortening: Removing the femoral head can cause the surgical limb to appear slightly shorter. This usually doesn’t affect mobility.
• Decreased range of motion: Without a true joint, hip flexibility may be reduced. Dogs compensate well, but some stiffness might stay.
• Weight-bearing ability: While walking may look normal, some dogs shift more weight to the opposite leg when standing still.

These changes are often mild and don’t limit function. Most dogs adapt fully, especially if they’re active and supported with good rehab. Long-term comfort remains excellent despite these small structural differences.

What Kind of Joint Forms After FHO Surgery?

FHO creates a fibrous pseudo-joint in place of the natural hip joint.

Once the femoral head is removed, no bony connection remains between the femur and pelvis. Instead, the body forms a soft tissue capsule filled with fibrous tissue. This tissue cushions the joint, allowing smooth, pain-free movement.

Though not a real joint, the pseudo-joint acts as a shock absorber. It molds to the dog’s motion patterns over time. This adaptability supports walking, running, and even playful activity in most dogs.

The joint’s long-term durability is excellent, especially when weight is controlled and rehab is consistent. While large dogs might show slight instability or reduced motion, the fibrous joint holds up well in the long run.

What Factors Affect Long-Term Outcomes?

Several things impact how well a dog recovers after FHO:

• Dog’s size and body weight: Smaller dogs tend to recover better. Larger breeds may need longer rehab and may show more noticeable gait changes.
• Chronic vs acute hip issues: Dogs with long-standing arthritis or hip dysplasia may have more muscle loss before surgery, affecting results. Dogs with recent trauma often do better.
• Surgical alternatives: In some cases, especially in large or active dogs, total hip replacement (THR) may offer smoother motion and a more natural gait. Still, FHO remains a great option when cost or health limitations rule out THR.

In general, FHO provides excellent comfort and good function in most dogs. The key is matching the procedure to the dog’s size, health, and activity level.

Role of Rehab in Long-Term Success

Rehabilitation is one of the most important parts of FHO recovery.

• Start early: Light rehab usually begins within a few days post-surgery to maintain joint motion and avoid muscle loss.
• Hydrotherapy is very effective: Water-based exercises help build strength without stressing the joint.
• Rehab duration varies: Some dogs may need a few weeks, while older or larger dogs benefit from longer therapy plans.

Exercises like leash walks, sit-to-stand drills, and gentle hill work can be added as healing progresses. Rehab not only improves muscle strength but also teaches the dog to use the leg properly again. Follow-ups with your vet or a certified canine rehab specialist ensure the exercises are working. A strong rehab plan often makes the difference between average and excellent outcomes.

Final Thoughts: Is FHO a Reliable Long-Term Option?

FHO is a reliable and proven surgery, especially for:

• Small to medium-sized dogs
• Dogs with hip injuries, fractures, or chronic joint pain
• Cases where cost or health limits more advanced surgery like THR

While some changes in gait or muscle tone may remain, dogs usually regain full function. Most live pain-free, active lives with no ongoing medication or surgery needed. Larger dogs can still do well with FHO, but their success depends heavily on proper rehab and weight control.

Your vet will help determine if FHO is right for your dog. When combined with thoughtful aftercare and consistent support, it offers lasting relief and good quality of life for years to come.

FAQs

Can dogs live a normal life after FHO surgery?

Yes, most dogs live a very normal and active life after FHO surgery. Once healed, they can walk, run, and play comfortably. Some dogs may have a slight limp or reduced range of motion, but these issues rarely affect their quality of life. With good rehab and proper care, long-term pain relief and function are excellent, especially in small to medium-sized dogs.

How long does it take for a dog to fully recover from FHO?

Full recovery typically takes 3 to 6 months. Most dogs begin bearing weight within 1 to 2 weeks and walk comfortably by 4 to 6 weeks. Rehab speeds up the healing process and helps rebuild lost muscle. Even after reaching full function, some dogs may continue to improve in strength and coordination over time with continued activity and exercise.

Will my dog limp permanently after FHO?

Some dogs may have a mild limp that shows up when they’re tired or moving quickly, but it’s usually not permanent or painful. In many cases, the limp fades over time with rehab and strengthening. Even if a minor limp remains, most dogs don’t show signs of discomfort and can live a very active, happy life.

Is FHO surgery effective in large breeds long-term?

FHO can work in large dogs, but results vary more than in smaller breeds. Success depends on factors like body weight, muscle condition, and rehab effort. Large dogs may retain a noticeable gait change or reduced strength, but many still do well. For very active or working dogs, total hip replacement may offer better function in the long term.

What is a false joint, and does it last?

A false joint, or pseudo-joint, is a fibrous capsule that forms after the femoral head is removed. It’s not made of bone or cartilage but allows smooth, cushioned movement. This structure holds up well over time and provides lasting pain relief. While it doesn’t restore full range of motion, it typically allows good mobility for life.

Does physiotherapy really make a difference long-term?

Yes, physiotherapy has a major impact on long-term success. It helps restore muscle strength, improve joint motion, and teach your dog to use the leg properly again. Dogs who receive structured rehab often recover faster and show better function long-term. Skipping rehab can lead to stiffness, weakness, and less complete recovery.

‍

Average Cost of MPL Surgery

• Common cost per knee: Most MPL surgeries range from $1,500 to $3,500 per knee in the U.S.
• Bilateral surgery (both knees): Costs can double, totaling $3,000 to $7,000, depending on complexity and clinic.
• Additional charges: Include diagnostics, post-op care, medications, and follow-up visits.

Many dog owners on forums like Reddit report paying between $2,000 and $2,800 for a single knee surgery at specialty clinics, while others paid over $5,000 for more complex bilateral cases. Prices often vary based on location, surgeon expertise, and whether orthopedic specialists are involved.

For example:

• In urban areas, surgery at a referral hospital may cost $3,500+ per knee.
• In smaller towns, general vet clinics may charge closer to $1,500–$2,000.

Always ask for a full estimate, including recovery costs. Total expenses can vary greatly, but the surgery is often worth it to restore mobility and reduce pain.

‍

Read more:

‍

What Affects the Cost of MPL Surgery?

• Clinic location: Urban clinics often charge more due to higher operating costs.
• Surgeon type: Board-certified orthopedic surgeons usually charge more than general vets.
• Dog-specific factors: Size, weight, and breed can affect anesthesia and recovery needs.
• Luxation grade: Higher grades (III or IV) require more complex surgery.
• Unilateral vs. bilateral: Correcting both knees doubles the cost in most cases.

The cost of MPL surgery can vary widely depending on these factors. For example, a Grade I case in a small dog might only require a basic procedure done by a general vet, costing under $2,000. But a Grade IV case in a large breed with both knees affected may need a specialist, pushing costs beyond $6,000.

These variables highlight why vets provide a cost estimate only after physical exams and imaging. Tailoring treatment to the dog’s needs ensures the best care and cost accuracy.

Additional Expenses Beyond Surgery

• Rehabilitation therapy: Sessions like physiotherapy or hydrotherapy can add $50–$150 per session.
• Medications and supplements: Pain relievers, antibiotics, and joint support can cost $100–$300 post-op.
• Follow-ups and imaging: X-rays and exams may total another $200–$500 over several visits.

While the surgery itself is a major cost, owners should prepare for extra recovery-related expenses. Post-surgery rehab is especially important for Grade III–IV MPL cases and large breed dogs, helping them regain strength and avoid complications.

Some clinics bundle post-op care in the initial estimate, while others bill separately. Ask for a breakdown so you’re not caught off guard. Keeping up with follow-ups and wound care is key to your dog’s full recovery and successful long-term outcome.

‍

Read more:

‍

Can Pet Insurance Help Cover the Cost?

• What’s covered: Most accident and illness plans include MPL surgery if the condition wasn’t pre-existing.
• Limits and waiting periods: Many policies exclude MPL if diagnosed or noted before the waiting period ends.
• Reimbursement tips: Choose a plan with orthopedic coverage, submit all vet records, and clarify exclusions early.

Pet insurance can be a big help in covering surgery costs, but it’s not guaranteed. If your dog had prior signs of lameness or joint issues, some insurers may deny MPL claims.

To maximize coverage, insure your dog while still young and healthy. Policies from providers like Trupanion or Healthy Paws often reimburse 70–90% of eligible costs after deductibles. This can ease the burden, especially if both knees require surgery.

Cost of MPL with Other Procedures

• TPLO + MPL correction: These dual procedures may cost $4,000 to $6,000 or more depending on the dog’s size.
• Bilateral TPLO with MPL: This complex combo can exceed $7,000–$10,000, especially in large breeds.

Some dogs need additional knee procedures alongside MPL correction. This is most common when a dog has both a luxating patella and a torn cruciate ligament, requiring TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy).

In such cases, vets may combine surgeries to reduce overall anesthesia time and recovery periods. This can save on costs in the long run but increases the upfront price. If both knees are affected, expenses rise further due to surgical time, implant hardware, and follow-up therapy.

Always ask your vet if bundled procedures are possible and what recovery support will be required.

‍

Read more:

‍

Final Thoughts on Affording MPL Surgery

• Plan ahead: Start budgeting once symptoms begin or diagnosis is confirmed.
• Explore financing: CareCredit and vet-specific payment plans can ease the burden.
• Look into nonprofits: Some organizations offer grants or low-cost surgery for pet owners in need.

MPL surgery can be a big financial decision, but it often brings life-changing results for your dog. With good pain control, rehab, and vet support, many dogs return to an active, pain-free life.

Talk to your vet about all your options—from staged surgery to partial treatments. The key is addressing the condition early to avoid worsening pain and more costly interventions down the line.

‍

Read more:

‍

FAQs

Is MPL surgery worth the cost for dogs?

Yes, for many dogs, MPL surgery greatly improves comfort, mobility, and long-term joint health. It prevents chronic pain, arthritis, and further injury like cruciate ligament tears. While the upfront cost may seem high, the benefits in quality of life and reduced future medical expenses often make it a worthwhile investment for your dog’s well-being.

Why do MPL surgery costs vary so much?

MPL surgery costs vary due to factors like the surgeon’s expertise, clinic location, and whether the surgery is for one or both knees. Dogs with higher-grade luxation or additional orthopedic problems may need more complex procedures, which cost more. Post-op care and imaging needs also influence the total cost, causing wide price ranges across clinics.

Can MPL be treated without surgery to save money?

Mild cases (Grade I or some Grade II) can sometimes be managed conservatively with weight control, joint supplements, and limited activity. However, this doesn’t fix the joint alignment. If symptoms worsen or quality of life declines, surgery becomes necessary. Non-surgical management may delay, but not always avoid, the need for future surgical correction.

What’s the cheapest way to get quality MPL surgery?

To save costs while ensuring quality, compare quotes from multiple clinics, including university vet hospitals or nonprofit organizations. Some general veterinarians with orthopedic experience may charge less than board-certified specialists. Also, ask about bundled pricing or payment plans. Just ensure the clinic follows modern surgical standards and post-op protocols.

Does MPL surgery cost more for larger dogs?

Yes, larger dogs often require more anesthesia, larger implants, and longer recovery support, which increase costs. Their surgeries may also be more complex due to weight-bearing pressure on the joints. That said, early treatment in large breeds can still prevent costlier issues like torn ligaments or advanced arthritis later in life.

Are there affordable rehab options after surgery?

Yes. While professional rehab centers offer hydrotherapy and guided exercises, many owners manage recovery with home-based rehab under veterinary guidance. Simple exercises like controlled leash walks, sit-to-stand drills, and gentle massage can be effective. Ask your vet for a customized plan, and consider occasional check-ins with a rehab specialist if needed.

‍

What Is FHO Surgery and Why It's Done

Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) is a surgical procedure where the femoral head and neck are removed to relieve hip joint pain. It’s often used in small to medium-sized dogs when the hip joint is damaged by trauma, arthritis, or diseases like Legg-Calvé-Perthes.

• Why vets recommend FHO: It’s less invasive and more affordable than total hip replacement.
• Best for dogs under 50 lbs: These dogs form a functional “false joint” from scar tissue more easily.
• When it’s preferred: In cases where bone quality is poor, cost is a concern, or total hip replacement isn’t feasible.

After surgery, a fibrous tissue capsule forms in place of the removed joint. This “false joint” lets dogs walk without bone-on-bone contact. The success of FHO depends heavily on post-surgical care, including early movement, physical therapy, and weight management. When done in the right patient, this procedure helps restore pain-free movement and a good quality of life.

How Successful Is FHO Surgery in Dogs?

FHO surgery has a high success rate, especially in smaller dogs. Studies and owner feedback show strong outcomes.

• Owner satisfaction: Around 93–96% of pet owners report improved quality of life.
• Clinical outcomes: Most dogs regain near-normal mobility with minimal pain.
• Short-term recovery: Dogs may limp or have muscle loss early on but show clear improvement by 4–6 weeks.
• Long-term results: With rehab, most dogs can run, jump, and even hike.

Dogs who receive proper rehab therapy and have good muscle condition before surgery tend to do better. Vets see fewer complications and faster recovery in these dogs. The most important factor? Post-op care at home. With cage rest early on, followed by active physical therapy, most dogs regain strength and mobility. Even dogs with prior pain and stiffness often return to playful, active lives after full recovery.

Factors That Influence Success Rate

FHO outcomes depend on several key factors that dog owners and vets must consider.

• Dog’s size and weight: Small to medium dogs (<50 lbs) do best.
• Muscle strength: Pre-surgery conditioning helps with post-op recovery.
• Weight management: Obese dogs may recover slower and with more complications.
• Timely surgery: Delayed treatment can lead to more muscle loss.

Surgical skill and proper technique matter, too. But even with excellent surgery, poor aftercare can affect healing. That’s why owners must follow rehab plans closely. Dogs kept active before surgery tend to form stronger “false joints” and recover faster. Dogs with severe muscle wasting or untreated hip pain for long periods may struggle more with post-op mobility.

FHO is not a magic fix—it’s a team effort between vet and owner. With proper planning and care, though, the success rate is high, and the benefits are long-lasting.

Recovery Timeline and What to Expect

The healing process happens in stages and varies by dog, but most follow a general timeline.

• Day 1–3: Crate rest, pain meds, and short leash potty breaks only.
• Week 1–2: Passive range-of-motion exercises and short walks begin.
• Week 3–6: Walking improves; light exercises increase gradually.
• Week 6–12: Full muscle recovery and normal activity returns.

Dogs usually start weight-bearing within a week, though limping is common. Rehab exercises help rebuild muscle strength. Hydrotherapy, leash walking on inclines, and sit-to-stand drills are often used.

It’s important to monitor your dog’s pain levels and mobility each week. Swelling or lameness that worsens should be reported to your vet. By 3 months, many dogs resume near-normal movement, though some may retain a slight limp. Don’t rush the process. A slow, steady recovery gives the best long-term results.

Possible Long-Term Complications

While FHO is generally successful, there can be long-term issues in some dogs.

• Limb shortening: A minor leg length difference is common but usually not limiting.
• Gait changes: Some dogs have a permanent limp or altered stride.
• Reduced hip motion: Range of motion may not fully return in all cases.
• Muscle atrophy: Can occur if physical therapy is skipped or limited.

Most of these issues don’t impact quality of life significantly, but they can affect athletic performance in working or very active dogs. These risks are lower in smaller dogs and those who stick to rehab programs. Owners should stay in touch with their vet and schedule check-ups during the recovery period to detect any concerns early.

Bilateral FHO: What If Both Hips Are Affected?

Dogs with problems in both hips can still benefit from FHO—sometimes on both sides.

• One side at a time: Vets usually recommend staging surgeries.
• Quality of life: Most dogs return to normal walking after both hips heal.
• Research support: Studies show high success in bilateral cases.

Rehab is even more critical when both hips are involved. Dogs need help with balance and coordination during recovery. Use of slings or harnesses indoors and careful progress with leash walking helps prevent injury or overuse. With time and support, many dogs with bilateral FHO can run, play, and live happily pain-free.

When Is FHO the Best Option?

FHO is often chosen when other treatments aren’t suitable or accessible.

• Compared to total hip replacement: FHO is more affordable and less invasive.
• Best choice for: Smaller dogs, those with poor bone health, or those not suited for implants.
• When owners can’t afford implants: FHO is a reliable “salvage” procedure.

It’s not ideal for large-breed dogs or those needing high-performance mobility, like working dogs. However, for family pets with chronic hip pain and limited function, FHO can restore comfort and ease of movement. It’s especially helpful for younger dogs with trauma and seniors who can’t tolerate complex surgeries.

‍

FAQs

Is FHO surgery painful for dogs?

Yes, like any surgery, FHO can cause pain at first. However, your vet will prescribe pain medications to manage it during the early days. Most dogs show reduced discomfort within a few days. As healing progresses, pain decreases, and the dog often becomes more active. The long-term goal is to eliminate chronic hip pain caused by the original condition.

Can large breed dogs have a successful FHO?

Large dogs can have successful outcomes, but results are less predictable than in smaller dogs. They may retain a limp or limited range of motion. With strong muscles and proper rehab, some large dogs still regain good function. In general, total hip replacement is often preferred for larger breeds if it's financially and medically possible.

How long before my dog can walk after FHO?

Most dogs begin to bear weight within 3–7 days after surgery. At first, the walk may be wobbly or limping. With gentle rehab, walking improves each week. By 4–6 weeks, dogs typically walk more normally. Full recovery, including muscle rebuilding and pain relief, usually takes about 8–12 weeks.

What are signs the surgery didn’t work well?

Signs of poor recovery include persistent lameness, unwillingness to walk, pain when touching the hip, or muscle wasting over time. These may suggest complications like scar tissue problems or inadequate rehab. If you notice these, consult your vet immediately for re-evaluation and possible therapy adjustments.

Does FHO affect lifespan or activity levels?

FHO does not shorten your dog’s lifespan. With proper care, most dogs return to normal or near-normal activity levels. They can run, play, and live comfortably. Some may have a mild limp, but this usually doesn’t affect their happiness or quality of life. Long walks and active play are still possible after recovery.

Is physical therapy necessary after FHO?

Yes, physical therapy is very important for success. It helps rebuild muscle strength, improves range of motion, and speeds up recovery. Rehab exercises like leash walks, sit-to-stand drills, or hydrotherapy make a big difference. Without it, your dog may limp longer or never fully regain function. Always follow your vet’s rehab plan.

‍

What to Expect After FHO Surgery

Understanding what happens after Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO) helps you prepare for each stage of your dog’s recovery.

• First 1–2 days: Your dog may feel drowsy due to anesthesia. Pain medication and strict rest are essential during this time.
• Week 1–2: You may notice some swelling or bruising near the surgical area. Your dog might begin light toe-touching or brief weight-bearing on the leg.
• Week 3–6: Controlled rehab begins. This includes slow leash walks and light physical therapy to rebuild muscle and range of motion.
• Week 7–12: Most dogs regain normal function by this stage. Some may still have minor stiffness or muscle loss that improves with ongoing activity.

The goal of post-op care is to support healing, reduce pain, and restore function. With your help, proper rest, gradual exercise, and vet check-ups, your dog can return to a comfortable, active life.

Immediate Post-Surgery Care (Days 1–3)

The first few days after FHO surgery are critical for setting the stage for healing. This period focuses on pain control, limiting movement, and protecting the surgical site.

• Crate rest and safe confinement: Keep your dog in a small, quiet space like a crate or pen. This helps avoid sudden movements that may stress the healing leg.
• Leashed potty breaks only: Take your dog outside on a leash for bathroom needs. Avoid stairs, running, or jumping.
• Using ice therapy: Apply a cold pack (wrapped in a towel) over the surgical site for 10–15 minutes, 2–3 times daily. This reduces swelling and discomfort.
• Starting passive range-of-motion exercises: Your vet may show you how to gently move the leg to keep the joint flexible. Do this only if approved.
• Preventing licking or chewing: Use an E-collar or recovery sleeve to protect the incision from infection.
• Giving prescribed meds: Administer all pain medications and antibiotics exactly as directed by your veterinarian.

This stage is all about keeping your dog comfortable, minimizing movement, and preventing complications. Follow your vet’s instructions closely to avoid setbacks and support a smooth recovery. Consistency in care here makes a big difference later.

Caring for the Incision Site

In the first two weeks after FHO surgery, taking care of the incision is crucial for preventing infection and promoting healing.

• How often to check the wound: Inspect the incision 1–2 times daily for redness, swelling, or discharge.
• Signs of infection to watch for: Look out for pus, foul smell, increased redness, or warmth around the incision. If your dog licks the area excessively or seems in pain, contact your vet.
• Keeping the incision clean and dry: Do not apply creams or sprays unless your vet advises. Avoid letting the incision get wet or dirty—this includes keeping your dog away from muddy areas or damp grass.
• Bathing restrictions and suture removal timing: Do not bathe your dog until the sutures are removed or the incision is fully healed—typically 10–14 days after surgery. Your vet will advise if staples or stitches need removal.

Keep your dog’s environment clean and calm. Prevent licking with an E-collar or soft recovery cone. With good wound care, you reduce the chance of infection and help your dog heal faster.

Early Rehab Tips (Days 4–14)

This phase introduces gentle movement to prevent stiffness and starts building comfort with basic activity.

• Warm compresses and massage: Apply a warm compress (not hot) for 10 minutes before massage. Gently massage muscles around the hip to improve blood flow and reduce tension.
• Gradual leash walking routine: Begin with 5-minute walks on flat surfaces 2–3 times a day. Use a short leash and walk slowly.
• Supporting with sling/harness indoors: For dogs with weak hind limbs, a rear-support sling or towel under the hips helps reduce strain.
• Encouraging calm behavior while healing: Limit excitement and prevent jumping or rough play. Use food puzzles and chews to keep your dog mentally stimulated while physically resting.

These small steps set the foundation for long-term healing. Always follow your vet’s rehab plan and observe how your dog responds to gentle movement.

Strength-Building and Exercise (Weeks 2–6)

As healing progresses, the focus shifts to rebuilding strength and range of motion in the hip and leg.

• Sit-to-stand drills and wall sits: Encourage your dog to sit and stand slowly, 5–10 times in a row. Use a wall to support the healthy side during “wall sits.”
• Walking up inclines and gentle ramps: Start with low slopes or shallow ramps to engage the hip joint without stress.
• Controlled leash walks: how to progress safely: Increase walk time by 5 minutes each week if no limping occurs. Avoid slippery or uneven surfaces.
• Hydrotherapy and swimming introduction: Swimming is a low-impact way to rebuild muscles. Use a life vest and only in vet-approved, clean water environments.
• Using ice after exercise: Apply ice for 10–15 minutes on the hip after exercise sessions to reduce inflammation.

This stage helps restore normal movement. Track progress daily and adjust activities if soreness or fatigue appears.

Monitoring Healing and When to Call the Vet

Ongoing monitoring helps catch issues early and ensures your dog stays on track with recovery.

• Follow-up exam timing: Most vets schedule a recheck around 2 weeks post-surgery, then again at 6–8 weeks.
• What is normal vs. warning signs: Mild swelling, slight limping, or low activity is common. Warning signs include severe limping, refusal to walk, or signs of pain when touched.
• Dealing with swelling, bruising, or seroma: Minor swelling or fluid buildup (seroma) is usually not serious. If the area gets warm or painful, call your vet.
• When rehab support is needed: If your dog struggles with exercises or limping worsens, seek help from a vet or certified canine rehab therapist.

Don’t ignore small changes—early action prevents long-term issues. Regular updates with your vet ensure recovery stays on track.

Full Recovery Expectations (Weeks 6–12)

This is the final stretch of recovery, where your dog regains most strength and returns to normal routines.

• Signs your dog is ready for more activity: You’ll notice improved weight-bearing, stronger muscles, and eagerness to move without limping.
• Reintroducing normal play and routines: Start short play sessions and allow off-leash activity in a safe area. Avoid high-impact jumps until cleared by your vet.
• Final vet check and long-term outcomes: A final evaluation around 10–12 weeks ensures the joint has healed well. X-rays may be taken to assess progress.
• Tips for maintaining joint health after recovery:
  
  • Keep your dog at a healthy weight
  • Provide joint supplements if recommended
  • Stick to a regular low-impact exercise routine

Most dogs enjoy a pain-free, active life after FHO. Stay consistent with care and your dog will likely return to doing the things they love.

FAQs

How long should I restrict my dog after FHO surgery?

Activity should be restricted for at least 6–8 weeks after FHO surgery. Crate rest and controlled leash walks are important during the early healing phase. Your vet will guide you on when to slowly increase activity. Full recovery can take up to 12 weeks, depending on your dog’s progress and comfort level.

What are the best rehab exercises after FHO?

Start with gentle leash walking and passive range-of-motion stretches. As healing progresses, add sit-to-stand drills, incline walking, and later hydrotherapy. Each exercise should be done slowly and carefully. Always follow your vet’s or rehab therapist’s guidance to prevent overuse and promote proper muscle rebuilding.

Can my dog go upstairs during recovery?

No, stairs should be avoided during the first few weeks. They can strain healing muscles and joints. If stairs are unavoidable, use a sling or harness to support your dog. Once your vet approves, short stair use with supervision may be allowed around weeks 4–6 of recovery.

When is hydrotherapy safe to start?

Hydrotherapy can usually begin around week 2 or 3, once the incision is fully healed. It’s a low-impact way to build strength and improve movement. Always get your vet’s approval before starting, and ensure sessions are guided by trained professionals for best results.

What if my dog still limps weeks after surgery?

Some limping is normal in the early stages, especially if your dog hasn’t regained full muscle strength. But if limping continues beyond 6–8 weeks or worsens, consult your vet. It may signal delayed healing, discomfort, or the need for adjusted rehabilitation exercises.

Is it normal for the incision to look bruised?

Yes, mild bruising or slight swelling around the incision is common during the first few days. It should gradually improve. However, if the area becomes red, warm, painful, or oozes pus, contact your vet immediately as these may be signs of infection.

‍